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Siitertbea Ueto Hs ACES LIBRARY 0505040505 O50505O9 OOS ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY = $ OF NATURAL HISTORY 3 LIBRARY 2 OO OOOO 4-94 OOO OL @ $ OL OL OLY OV OO Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. U. of I. Library 14685-S TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEBDINGS OF THE ROVAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA (INCORPORATED). ——42——- ae een?) Re x (Wire Seventy Prates anp Frrry Fieures 1N THE TEXT. | EDITED BY WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S., Assistep sy ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S. Peover, ~WENTY-ONE° SHILLINGS. Adelarwe : PUBLISHED BY THE SocrEeTy, Royau Society Rooms, NortH TERRACE.. DECEMBER, 1915. PrRInTED BY HussEy & GILLINGHAM LimiItTED, 106 anp 108, CuRRIE STREET, ADELAIDE, SouTH AUSTRALIA. Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South Aus- tralia from the United States of America can be forwarded: through the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. vi. Royal Society of South Australia (INCORPORATED). Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR HENRY LIONEL GALWAY, K.C.M.G., D.S.O. ——< fp— —_ OFFICERS FOR 1915-16. President : JOSEPH C. VERCO, M.D., F.R.C.S. Vicc=Presidents: PROF. E. H. RENNIE, M.A., D.Sc., F.C.S. R. S. ROGERS, M.A., M.D. ‘fbon. Treasurer: W. B. POOLE. ‘tbon. Secretary: WALTER RUTT, C.E. Members of Council: SAMUEL DIXON. PROF. T. G. B. OSBORN, M.Sc. PROF. R. W. CHAPMAN, M.A., B.C.E. "W. HOWCHIN, F.G.S. (Editor and Representative Governor) EK. ASHBY. R. H. PULLEINE, M.B. Auditors: W.. L. WARE, J.P. H. WHITBREAD. Vil. ee GL yn) —— op—- Howcuin, W.: A Geological Sketch-Map, with Descriptive Notes on the Upper _and Lower Torrens-Limestones in the Type District. Plate 1. —Josnua, E. C., and KE. Creep: South Australian Holo- thuroidea, with ‘nap hanes of New Species. Plates il. to lv. te at —CLeLAND, Dr. J. een The qrauaeiel ds of ee vee Birds.—No. 3 wl , aS ‘33 his as - Cretanp, Dr. J. Burton: A Further Comparison of the Sizes of the Red Cells of some Australian Vertebrates : CHapMAN, Pror. R. W.: ope wae ae Observations for Azimuth as ~Frreuson, Dr. HK. W.: Notes on the Amycterides in ‘his South Australian Museum, with Descriptions of New Species. —Part II. * op ae ae 2. te ~ Asuton, Howarp: Synonymic Notes on a Recent Catalogue of Cicadidae in the South Australian Museum ... Lea, A. M.: An Insect-catching Grass. Plate ix. _~ Brack, J. M.: Additions to the Flora of South Australia, No. 8. Plate x. 4 —CuHEEL, E.: On two New Species of Eaeoude duh —~AsuBy, Epwin: On the Occurrence in South Australia of two Previously Unrecorded Ferns -Lea, A. M.: Notes on Australian mh aelides elaghtens, Chrysomelidae), with Descriptions of New Species. Plates W240 Vill. ... Ay aA +4 abe a ~WartE, E. R.: A ae Incidental eure of a Sucker Fish in Australian Waters. Plate xi. Howcnuin, W.: A List of Foraminifera and other Organic Remains obtained from Two creas on the Lilydale Sheep-station ee S af ~ Ossporn, Pror. T. G B.: Some New Records oe Pere for South Australia 2 ~Lower, O. B.: The Lepidoptera of Broken Hill oa South Wales). SP art. I: lined A. P.: Australian Hymenoptera, Proctotrypoidea.— — oe tT AF * ~Waite, E. R., and A. R. McCurttocH: The Fishes of ies South Australian. Government sil Cruise, 1914. Plates xii. to xv. —McCouttiocn, A. R., and EB. R. Wide: A Bevibicd of the Genus Aracana and its Allies.. Plates xvi. to xxv. ; Wipeuc state ittta ataralatay 100: vill. Matinowsxk1, Dr. B.: The Natives of Mailu: Preliminary Results of the Robert Mond Research Work in British New Guinea (communicated by Dr- ae hati Plates xvi. te zn. c.. Wauirr, S. A., and Others: Scientific Notes on an Eapodis tion into the North-western Regions of South Australia. Plates xliv. to Ixx.: (a) Narrative, by S. A. Waite (b) Aboriginals of the Everard Range, © S. A. ee Language of the Everard epee sabe by J. M. Buack (c) Mammalia and Gules: ty E. R. ‘Wites (d) Aves, by S. A. WuitE as (e) etpinael Contents of Birds, by AD M. Lima (f) Lacertilia, by F. R. Zrerz ... (g) Mollusca (Pulmonata), by A. R. Busweee (h) Arachnida, by W. J. Rarnsow (1) Insecta :— . Coleoptera, by an Lea. 8 Lepidoptera, by A. J. TURNER Hymenoptera [Westantetd ae) vee W. M. WHEELER (7) Botany, by J. M. Brack ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS ... ANNUAL REPORT BALANCE-SHEETS Donations TO LIBRARY List or MEMBERS APPENDICES : — Field Naturalists’ Section: Annual Report, etc. Twenty-seventh Annual] Report of the Native Fauna and Flora Protection Committee of the Field Naturalists’ Section of the Royal Society ... Malacological Section: Annual Report, Ae INDEX Page. 494 707 725 732 735 740 760 766 770 772 793 801 805 823 843 852 . 854 856 869 872 879 882 883 THE Transactions OF The Royal Society of South Austrailia. Vol. XXXIX. A GEOLOGICAL SKETCH-MAP, WITH DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON THE UPPER AND LOWER TORRENS-LIMESTONES IN THE TYPE DISTRICT. By Water Howcuin, F.G.S., Lecturer in Geology and Palaeontology, University of Adelaide. [Read April 8, 1915.] With Map (Piatt [.). The valley of the River Torrens, near the confluence of the Sixth Creek, may be regarded as the type district for the occurrence of the lower members ot the Cambrian series. There is less alluvial cover, and consequently less obscuration of outcrops, in this locality than in most places where similar beds occur. On the other hand, the disturbed condition of the country makes it very difficult to follow and define the respective beds, as their continuity is repeatedly broken by faulting, and the faulted segments are more or less displaced, repéated, or obscured. Yet it is hoped that the geological map which accompanies this paper will be found, at least, approximately correct. PRE-CAMBRIAN MASSIF. - The township of Houghton is situated almost immediately on the western boundaries of the Pre-Cambrian outcrops, and 2 from there the line of junction between these fundamental rocks and the Cambrian series runs southerly, a little to the east of Goodwin Creek (Deep Creek), which latter flows in a north and south direction, forming a junction with the River Torrens just above the confluence of the Sixth Creek. The Pre-Cambrian rocks cross the Torrens a little east of the outlet of Goodwin Creek, in Sec. 5598 (Hd. of Onkaparinga), and, after entering Sec. 335, recross the river to its northern banks, in a north-easterly direction, about half a mile below the con- fluence of Kangaroo Creek. The Pre-Cambrian country, in proximity to the river, is extremely rough, thickly wooded, forming a _ high-level plateau which, in physical features, is strongly differentiated — from the Cambrian rocks that fringe the area. It is here that the river has cut the deepest and most impressive of its gorges. The hard crystalline rock forms the chief barrier to the river’s action in establishing a uniform grade. On the left bank the rocks rise to about 500 ft. above the river-bed, whilst on the right they reach about twice that height, in precipitous and dark-coloured frowning walls that cannot be much less than 1,000 ft. in height. This very bold river scarp 1s known locally as the “Devil’s Staircase.”’ The Pre-Cambrian rocks, as exposed in the river section, consist of highly pegmatized schists, which pass into gneissic rocks. The hardness of the rocks has limited the lateral action of the river. The gorge is narrow, the sides and bottom are deeply grooved and sculptured. Numerous pot-holes of all sizes up to 6 ft. in diameter, and often very deep, cover the uneven floor, and have even been excavated on the sides of the cafion. The severe corrasion by the stream has carved the rocky floor into graceful curves, and has smoothed and polished the surfaces. The finest part of this gorge is where the river takes a sharp turn to the south, in Sec. 5495 (Hd. of Yatala), from which point there are tumultuous rapids, ending in a water-hole that carries the name of the “Devil’s Hole.” . CAMBRIAN. Between the Aldgate Pre-Cambrian inlier and that which outcrops in the River Torrens, near Castambul, there is a distance of eight miles. The intervening country consists of the lower members of the Lower Cambrian series. In the locality dealt with in this paper the Cambrians run out against the older rocks and form a semi-circle of outcrops around the southern end of the Pre-Cambrian massif, as explained below. 3 Basat GRits, -ETC. The basal beds of the Cambrian here, as for the most part elsewhere, consist of coarse arkose grits. The fragments of felspar are often large, angular, sub-angular, or rounded ; as also are the quartz grains. The beds are coarsest near the bottom of the series, and pass up into finer material as quartzites of the normal type. The junction of these bottom grits with the Pre-Cambrian can be well seen along the western limits of the Pre-Cambrian, on both sides of the river. In Sec. 5598 (Onkaparinga) the line of junction follows, mainly, a small lateral creek, the Pre-Cambrian gneissic beds being exposed on the northern banks of the creek and the basal grits on the southern side. The line of demarcation is here, how- ever, a little irregular, as the northern side forms a dip-slope and the removal by denudation of the overlying grits has been partly determined by the le of the ground. The basal beds can be traced along the flanks of the ridge on the south side of the Torrens, through Sec. 335 (Onkaparinga) down to and across the river at the “galvanized-iron hut,’’ not far from Kangaroo Creek. Lower TORRENS-LIMESTONE. There are two limestones near the base of the Cambrian series. These can be distinguished from each other by their lithological features, as well as their stratigraphical position in the series. The lower limestone is a granular, crystalline, white and buff-coloured rock, generally more or less schistose with sericitic faces and small flakes of talc. The bed is over 100 ft. in thickness and is moderately uniform in composition, but is broken by numerous bedding-planes and joints. This limestone, like the basal grits, skirts the Pre-Cam- brian massif in a roughly semi-circular contour.. Its most northerly position in this locality, known to the writer, is at Highercombe House (Sec. 5520, Yatala), where it was proved in sinking a well in the kitchen of the house. From this point it can be traced southwards, through Highercombe orchards and along the western banks bordering Goodwin Creek, down to the River Torrens, where it is seen in the angle of the river in Sec. 334 (Onkaparinga). This is, perhaps, the most important outcrop of this limestone in the district, and is known as “Marble Bar.” The limestone makes a wide spread in the bed of the river, taking the form of three parallel ridges of rock, covering an area of about 100 yards wide. (a) The central ridge is at the acute bend of the river where Good- win Creek joins the main stream. The strike is north-west B2 4 and south-east, with the dip at south-west. The stone is very much contorted and broken, apparently from overthrusts from the north-east. (6) Another prominent outcrop, or ridge, of the marble occurs a short distance to the eastward of the bend, and crosscs the river with a strike north, 20° west, with dip westerly. (c) The third outcrop occurs in the river, on the western side of the bend, about 60 yards lower down the stream, where it crosses to the left bank of the river and is overlain by quartzite. The base of the marble beds can be seen a little higher up the river from the bend mentioned above, where the stone, while still calcareous, becomes strongly arenaceous. This is near the junction with the bottom grits into which the bed passes. The arenaceous limestone has a dip 30° south of east, at 30°. A few yards higher up the river the basal grits outcrop with a low angle of dip to the south. We have there an instruc- tive illustration of the effect of the Pre-Cambrian massif on the lie of the basal beds of the Cambrian. In Goodwin Gully, the dip of the beds is west; at the angle of the Torrens, the dip becomes south-west ; and in the case of the grits, which skirt the southern side of the massif, the dip is south. _. The Lower Torrens-limestone, which in its eastern exten- sion runs almost parallel with the river, is greatly broken by faulting. There are three such fragments in Mr. Hersey’s and Mr. F. Batchelor’s grounds, within half a mile of “Marble Bar.” (See Geological Map.) These fragments are as fol- lows:—(1) The “Marble Bar,” in the bed of the River Torrens, which can be traced by slight surface indications in a south-easterly direction to a small excavation for ironstone— the limestone having been metasomatized into limonite at the fault-plane, which cuts the limestone transversely. (2) A fragment on the respective borders of Messrs. Hersey’s and Batchelor’s properties, and is cut off to the east as it touches the old road going up the ridge. (3) In Mr. Batchelor’s orchard, where it also passes over the old ridge-road and runs out in the paddock on the opposite side of the road, with much ironstone at the surface. From this point the limestone is cut off on its eastern side by quartzites, which form the high ground between Batchelor’s gully and the galvanized-iron hut valley, along which ridge the old easterly road runs. On the eastern limits of the quartzites the bottom limestone is met with again, near the saddle passing over into the galvanized-iron-hut valley. (Sec. 335, Onkaparinga.) The limestone follows the eastern side of the valley to the dividing fence, beyond which a segment is slightly faulted—thrown south by about its own width © 5 —and is again faulted by a throw to the north, making in all a very extensive outcrop. The eastern limb then follows the bank down to the River Torrens, where it makes an important scarp. (Dip, 20° south of east, at 40°.) It crosses the river to the right bank and forms a cliff along the straight reach of the river to within a short distance of the outlet of Kangaroo Creek. It is here a dip-slope to the river at’ 50°. An isolated fragment of the Lower Torrens-limestone occurs at the first turn of the river (Sec. 333) below the Sixth Creek. The new road has cut into the beds and exposed them for a distance of 13 chains. The stone is a white, grey, and yellow marble (similar to that at “Marble Bar’’), of cryto- erystalline structure, much stained by ferro-manganese dendrites. In the bed of the river, on the opposite side of the road, a coarse calcareous grit outcrops parallel to the strike, and is probably at the base of the limestone beds. This bed appears to be on the same horizon as the siliceo-calcareous rock noted in the succession at “Marble Bar,” referred to above. ‘The limestone is circumscribed by faults. A fault, which is in a line with the river, brings it into juxtapositon with the over- lying phyllites. A second fault occurs on the opposite side, where it is backed by quartzites and phyllites, and is marked by a great development of metasomatic ironstone. On the western limits the limestone overthrusts a portion of the phyllites, which occupy a higher horizon, and the base of the limestone along the line of junction is sheared, changed to a dark colour, and has been leached of much of its calcareous content. A gradual change of dip also takes place in the direction of the thrusts. At the eastern end the dip of the limestone is 20° west of south, at 45° ; but as it approaches the disturbed area the dip gradually increases to 76°, and swings round to the south and some points east of south. The phyllites which are thus overthrusted are greatly bent, con- torted, and crushed. Immediately overlying the Lower Torrens-limestone is a thick series of slates that include two zones of quartzite. The upper quartzite is about 12 ft. in thickness and the lower bed about 15 ft. in thickness. These beds can be well seen behind Mr. Smith’s house, and they occupy the high ground included within the important southerly bend of the river at the con- fluence of the Sixth Creek. The lower of these quartzites runs parallel with the Lower Torrens-limestone, and is a good indi- cation for its adjacent presence. It can be traced in this position across the Torrens and through NHersey’s and Batchelor’s grounds. THe Upper Torrens-LIMESTONE. The Upper Torrens-limestone is, as a rule, bluish in colour and somewhat slatey; but in places it takes on a more calcareous form and hecomes subcrystalline. It is an impure limestone, with much earthy and siliceous matter included, and, under weathering, exhibits wavy mineral lines in relief. It also carries black cherty-quartz, both as nodules in the limestone and also as cherty bands. ‘The latter are sometimes found as surface stones when the calcareous contents have been largely removed by solution. It is often found along depressed surfaces, the limestone having suffered greater waste than the associated siliceous beds. When this limestone forms scarp- faces the stone has a characteristic black surface, arising from the growth of a dark-coloured lichen on the face of the stone. The more calcareous portions are interbedded with a dark- coloured, carbonaceous-looking blue slate, which is often a guide to the discovery of the blue limestone in the adjacent rocks. At Teatree Gully it is quarried, burned, and manu- factured into a lime-cement. In the much-faulted district of the River Torrens, now under description, the blue limestone is greatly interrupted and follows many diverse lines of strike. The general trend is that of an outer circle to the Lower Torrens-limestone in investing the Pre-Cambrian massif, and in its erratic course sometimes approaches very close to the lower limestone, but in other places becomes far removed from it. The steep, hilly country has also had something to do with determining the erratic nature of the strike. An examination of the geological map (facing page 1) will make this clear. Montacute.—An important outcrop of these beds is found at the top of the “Corkscrew,” on the ridge at the back of Montacute Church, where it has been quarried for road metal (dip south-east at 50°). It can be followed for some distance on the western side of the hill, parallel to the road that descends from the hill-top towards Adelaide. Another out- crop, about on the same level, is seen just inside of the fence (1) In my Geology of the Mount Lofty Ranges, pt. i1., Trans.. Roy. Soc., S.A., vol. xxx. (1906), p. 239, I erroneously referred the blue limestone of Anstey Hill and Teatree Gully to the ‘“‘blue metal’’ limestone, which it much resembles; but the latter occurs. higher in the series. The ‘‘blue metal’’ limestone outcrops along the western slopes of the foothills, further to the south. The occur- rence of a similar limestone at Teatree Gully was referred, in the first instance, to the same geological horizon, a mistake that might easily follow from the disturbed and complex arrangement of the rocks that occur at that point. _ ‘ of Mr. Curnow’s garden (Sec. 833, Onkaparinga), as well as on the road adjoining, that goes down to Pinkerton Gully. The limestone is of a buff colour on the exterior, but is blue within. At about 100 ft. lower in the series another outcrop of blue limestone occurs, 45 ft. in thickness (dip south-east at 40° to 48°), and can be well seen in the cutting on the old “Corkscrew” Road. On the new “Corkscrew”? Road the same beds are strongly developed at what is known as the “blue- bend,’ where they have been excavated in the construction of the road. The scarp shows the limestone to be split up by impure, earthy, and schistose bands, with layers of cherty material (dip south-east at 20°). This exposure is at a con- siderably lower level than the two outcrops mentioned as occurring at Montacute Church and on the edge of Pinkerton Gully. It is possible that this low-level outcrop may be the result of the great landslip that occurred in prehistoric times and caused the precipitous cliff on the eastern side of the ridge. It is the greatest landslip that I have hitherto seen. At the base of the remarkable scarp, left by the slide, an extraordinary medley of piled-up rocks occurs, through which the older “Corkscrew” Road was cut, and its effects can be traced to the level of the valley below. A fault-plane may have existed and created a line of weakness from which the imperfectly supported rocks on the side of the steep valley slipped away. The ‘‘Corkscrew,’’ Hunter Gully, Montacute Mine, ete.— Between the Montacute ridge and the old Montacute Mine there are several parallel outcrops of the Upper Torrens-limestone. It is not very clear whether these several calcareous horizons are independent beds, and follow in consecutive order, or whether they are repetitions of the same bed caused by strike- faulting as occurs in other parts of the field. The limestone is of very irregular development, varying from a calcareous shale to lenticles of hard crystalline limestone. In this way there is often an apparent want of continuity in the limestone, and calcareous horizons may develop within the range of a consider- able vertical thickness, which occasions some difficulty in mapping. ‘There are three such limestones in the locality now under description, and it will be convenient to refer to them respectively in ascending order as limestones a, 0, and c. Outcrop (a). From the hill-top, near Montacute Church, the blue limestone can be traced along the southern side of the valley, going down the “Corkscrew,” and faces into Mr. ‘Trebilcock’s garden (Sec. 834). It crosses the spur’ near the bottom of the valley (Hunter Gully), and passes up and over the ridge on the opposite side (Sec. 5525), making strong out- crops in places. In the next gully (Cock’s), going east, it is obscured (on its western side) by deep soil and orchards, but was proved in the well-sinking at the bottom of the valley, and it can then be traced up on the eastern side to the prom- inent ridge in which the old Montacute copper mine is situated (Sec. 5584). This ridge is steeply truncated on its northern side (probably a fault face), showing a scarp of about 200 ft. in height. The section seen on this face, in ascending order, is as follows:—(«) slates, ()) strong quartzite, (c) thin slates, (dj blue limestone, (v) thick slates. The quartzite and limestone together make a bold, precinitous face. On the western edge of this scarp the limestone is very strong, with a white crystalline texture, and has been quarried to a slight extent. On the eastern side the limestone passes down to the Sixth Creek in massive beds, and varies from a bluish, earthy limestone to a white, marble-like rock. The country is much disturbed and mineralized, and the limestone appears to have been locally altered under these special circumstances. The beds on the Montacute Mine hill have a general dip to the south, at a low angle, but on the eastern side there is a sharp downthrow to the east. On the old roadway that goes up to the workings on the eastern side of the hill, above the Sixth Creek, the quartzites have a dip south, at 50°. This is immediately followed by a sharp pitch to the south-east, which carries the limestone by a dip-slope down to the creek below. The limestone here dips south-easterly, and as the: strike accords very nearly with the direction of the creek the former makes a spread of 130 yards. The limestone passes to: the opposite bank, a few feet above the creek level, and then disappears under the overlying phyllites (dip south-east, at 28°). This change of dip and strike at about the meridian: of the creek is probably accompanied by a fault. The Montacute Mine is located near the fault ; or, perhaps,,. along the lines of a series of small faults. The development of quartz veins and vein-stones, in addition to the change of strike, suggests the presence of faults. Copper sulphides occur freely in the vein-stone, and have been partially dissolved and carried by percolating water through the adjacent slates and” quartzites, the colouring of which by green carbonate films has: prompted much abortive prospecting in poor country. On the eastern edge of the hill a long stope, open to the surface, has been worked along the angle of downthrow to the east. The limestone on the eastern pitch (which is best seen ir the gorge cut by the creek) has been considerably altered, probably by mineral waters rising through the fractures. The limestone has been changed from a bluish and earthy limestone: 9 ‘to a white, crystalline, marble-like stone, with free develop- ments of quartz and calcite. In places the stone is coloured brown, or becomes metasomatic by the presence of iron. The hill on the eastern side of the Sixth Creek consists of the overlying phyllites, but in the succeeding valley of the Little Creek (a tributary of the Sixth Creek), at about three- quarters of a mile distance, the limestone again makes its appearance half a mile below the house of Mr. Brooks. From this point it rises with the ground in a north-easterly direction, through Sec. 5586, crosses the old sheep station (The Springs) road on the ridge (Sec. 336), from which position 1t passes over into the head of the gully on the opposite side of the road, skirts the ridges, and passes down to Kangaroo Creek, which it crosses (dip east 20° south, at 40°) within a short distance of the latter’s confluence with the River Torrens, and after passing up the right bank of the creek strikes the Torrens at Anstey’s old copper mine. ) The beds associated with the blue limestone can be well seen throughout the greater part of this line of outcrop. The limestone is underlain by slaty beds that have a variable thick- ness of a few feet up to 50 ft. These slates rest on a strong and, for most of the way, very prominent quartzite, which is well exposed on both sides of Hunter Gully, and passes over ‘into Cock’s gully, and forms the chief feature in the scarp at Montacute Mine. Its greatest development is, however, after it rises from Little Creek and passes the Springs Road into the slope towards the River Torrens, where it makes bold mural scarps about 50 ft. in thickness. Below the quartzite is a slaty ‘rock, sometimes flaggy, including quartzites of inferior thickness. Overlying the blue limestone are very thick slates or phyllites, including the additional hmestones described below. Outcrop (0). Parallel with the last described line of outcrop of the blue limestone, about 300 yards higher up the gully (Secs. 835 and 5527), is another outcrop of very similar character and strike. It is seen on the private road just above the house of Mr. Robert Hunter, ‘?) where it has been quarried for road metal. The limestone and associated impure beds are about 30 yards in width, with a dip to the south-east which varies from 46° to nearly 90°. The limestone is divided into two by a band of slate (or phyllite), which is of variable thickness, a om a few feet up to 30 ft. or 40 ft. The outcrop (2) "d must express my Abie atione to ea Baber, Hunter, whose ‘intimate knowledge of this locality has been of much service to me in following the outcrops, more particularly where they are -obscured by orchards and other cultivated ground. 10 can be traced across Hunter Gully and over the eastern ridge. On this ridge the limestone has a considerable spread, and the intervening phyllites have been somewhat altered by the intrusion of quartz veins, which has given these beds a hard and siliceous texture, and developed in connection with the limestone much black cherty-quartz. This hardening of the beds has led to their making prominent features on the top of the ridge. The beds can be easily followed down the eastern slopes: into Cock’s gully; the irregularities of the strike (as shown on the map) are occasioned by the beds following around the projecting spurs at the head of the gully. They next pass over the saddle of the Montacute Mine ridge, where the limestone just touches the east and west boundaries of Secs. 5528 and 5584. From thence it slopes very gradually, at a low angle of dip, along the eastern side of the hill, which carries it to the south of the northerly bend in the Sixth Creek (Sec. 5529) and into a north and south valley, which has its confluence with the Sixth Creek at the bend just referred to. The out- crop along the slope is somewhat obscured by bracken thickets, but it can be followed by surface stones, and about half-way down the hill it is seen in strong features at a prospector’s costeen. The limestone can be well seen on the opposite side of the valley, but at a different angle. A small fault (probably an extension of the same as that in which the Montacute Mine is situated) has led to differential readings of dip and strike on either side of the valley, and has given a southerly thrust to the beds on the western side of the fault. On the eastern side the dip is south-east, at about 28°, while on the western side the dip is south, at 18°. The easterly trend of the limestone, from this point, can be easily followed through Sec. 5529, where it follows the face: of the hill, parallel with the Sixth Creek, and crosses the latter a little before it makes a westerly bend near the eastern side of the section mentioned. A quartzite underlies this lime- stone and forms a low scarp that can be followed for most of the distance from the eastern side of Hunter Gully, over the saddle of the Montacute Mine ridge, and to the limits of its outcrop, described above. Outcrop (c). A third bed of bluish limestone occurs in Hunter Gully, a little higher up than Limestone (0). It crosses the gully, but appears to run out on the eastern ridge near the eastern boundary of Sec. 5527. In the north and south valley (referred to above), confluent with the Sixth 1} reek at its sharp northerly bend, fragments of blue limestone were seen in the dry watercourse, and were traced for about half a mile above the spot where the (4) limestone crossed the valley. These boulders certainly indicate another band of limestone higher up the valley, which may prove to be Lime- stone (c) in its easterly extension. Sixth Creek and Pinkerton Gully.—The steep face on the northern side of the Montacute Mine hill is probably a fault- scarp—the fault being east and west and parallel with the strike of the beds—and is cut on its eastern limits by the mine- fault (already described), which has a north-north-west by south-south-east direction. A shaft recently sunk on the flat in front of the hill proved the blue limestone at a depth of 60 ft., which, in relation to the same limestone in the scarp of the hill, shows a vertical displacement of over 200 ft. As the material thrown out from the shaft contains lmestone broken by quartz and calcite veining, together with some sulphides, it has evidently been sunk either on or in close proximity to these faults. Taking the new shaft on the flat (just referred to) as our starting-point, we find the blue limestone series outcrops a little to the west, on the public road (dip east, at 50°). The beds can be followed at the water level of the Sixth Creek, through Mr. T. T. Trebilcock’s garden, where the strike of the beds is south-east, with a low angle of dip, the latter being apparently influenced by a lateral thrust at this point. The limestone is seen again at one or two points on the Montacute Road, before reaching the road on the right (which branches off to Castambul), and cuts across the fork separating these two roads. It then becomes a marked feature in the left bank of the Sixth Creek, where it shows a strike parallel with the creek and outcrops nearly level with the water’s edge, until shortiy before reaching Mr. Walter Smith’s sawmill on the creek. Here the beds are thrown to an upcast, which alters the strike, causing the limestone to make a return bend, when, rising to the hill on its left bank, it crosses over into Pinkerton Gully. Before reaching the crest of the hill, however, its continuity is broken by a dip fault, which throws the beds to the north-west. On passing into Pinkerton Gully, the lime- stone skirts the head of a small tributary to the main valley, forming a strong mural scarp, and, rounding the spur along the face of which the Pinkerton “‘screw-road’’ passes, develops an extraordinary scarp face of about 150 ft. (the greatest thickness of these beds that have come under my observation), and then, having reached the bottom of the “‘screw,’’ passes up the valley towards the head of the gully. 12 Near the dividing fence, between Secs. 350 and 832, the: limestones are faulted against the slates, the latter forming the outcrops until, near the head of the gully, the limestones once more make their appearance. They form two parallel outcrops, one seen in the orchards at the head of the gully, and the other a short distance to the east, where it outcrops on a private road and along the spur on that side of the valley. These are but two small isolated fragments, for they are once more cut off by the slates and quartzites which form the ridge near the top of the Montacute ‘‘Corkscrew.” If we retrace our steps to the Sixth Creek, we find that between Mr. Walter Smith’s water-mill and the River Torrens another much-faulted area occurs. A group of dismembered fragments of the blue limestone are found on both sides of the: creek, which, notwithstanding their irregular distribution, may be regarded as being roughly parallel with the outcrops just described as following the Sixth Creek and Pinkerton valleys. On the west side of the Sixth Creek, a little lower than the water-mill, a strike-fault repeats the beds, and the blue limestone once more rises from the water-level and strikes up the side of the hill for a short distance, when it is cut off by another fault, almost vertical on the rise, which can be easily followed by the eye on account of its““magpie’’ features —white quartz and slate-breccia sharply defining the fault- plane. The limestone is thrown up at a sharp angle in sympathy with the high angle of dip in the faulted block, and becomes attenuated along the fault-plane as it passes up: to the top of the ridge, where it can be seen in Sec. 332, in a line with the old north-west fence. A small fragment that outcrops in the same section, near the bottom of Pinkerton Gully, appears to be on the same strike, and has been cut by the same strike-fault. Returning once more to the Sixth Creek, we examine the steep ridge that occupies the fork between the junction of the Sixth Creek and the River Torrens. On the creek road, near the water-mill, we find an outcrop of the same limestone, which rises to the hill on the east side of the valley, and crosses the ridge at the saddle, passing over to the other side in Mr. Hersey’s grounds, and just enters Mr. F. Batchelor’s property on the west side of Sec. 335, where it is faulted. It can be picked up again, at a little lower level, on the side of the hill, but continues only for a short distance, when it is again faulted in two segments, following each other in steps, and is then cut off by slates near. the top of the ridge. At the summit a prominent quartzite is developed, which passes down the ridge in the direction of Montacute Mine,,. 13 showing mural scarps that end in a bold, steep face to Sixth Creek, in Mr. T. T. Trebilcock’s garden, referred to above. The blue limestone lies on the eastern side of this quartzite, and can be traced from the top of the ridge, on Mr. Batchelor’s property—first, only by occasional surface stones, but it gathers strength as it descends towards the bottom of the hill (Sec. 5523), where it becomes a distinct and broad outcrop. At high-level the strike of the limestone is 10° east of north, but as it descends towards the valley it swings round to north- east, with a south-westerly dip at a high angle. The lime- stone reaches the Sixth Creek near Mr. Trebilcock’s house, and is cut (like the same limestone a little higher up the stream) by the north and south fault of the Montacute Mine. In this way the blue limestone makes an almost complete circle of the lower portions of Sixth Creek, following the left bank from Mr. Trebilcock’s garden as far as Mr. Smith’s water-wheel, and then returning by the right bank of the stream to nearly the same spot in Mr. Trebilcock’s garden, from which it started. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The two main geological systems developed in the district exhibit marked differences in physiographical form. The Pre-Cambrian massif stands out in bold relief. Viewed from the hills on the southern side—as, for example, from the top of the ‘‘Corkscrew,’’ or from the ridges that enclose Pinkerton Gully—it has the appearance of a tableland, edged with dark- coloured, frowning rocks and thick scrub, rising to a height of about 1,000 ft. above the level of the River Torrens, which has dissected a southern fragment from the main mass. The surrounding Cambrian beds are distinguishable from the Pre- Cambrian complex by a sharply-defined passage into open grass lands, gardens, and cereal cultivation. It is probable that this great Pre-Cambrian iniier formed a monadnock when the old peneplain passed below base-level at the beginning of the Cambrian period. The lowest members of the Cambrian series encircle the older land-form, and have been built up by its waste. Near the points of junction between the two - systems the Cambrian beds dip away from the Pre-Cambrian inlier in a curvilineal fashion, but at some distance away from the base, the phyllites, as seen on the new road along the Torrens gorge, have an easterly dip. Thus, just beyond the limestone that outcrops at the sharp angle in the road below the confluence of the Sixth Creek, the phyllites dip south-east, at 35° ; a little further west the dip becomes 10° north of east, at 24°, and at the sharp north-east bend, in Sec. 5539, the: dip is 20° north of east, at 24°. 14 An important factor in the tectonic phenomena has been, no doubt, the strong and unyielding Pre-Cambrian massif, which led to differential movements and fractures in the over- lying beds. The Cambrian rocks give evidence, in many places, of powerful thrust movements operating from the east. These are well seen in the phyllites exposed in the cuttings on the new road through the Torrens gorge. Large folds, over- folds, and crush-zones occur, with plentiful splashes of quartz, which often take the form of augen structure. The Cambrians have been forced forward, and as the Pre-Cambrian floor possessed greater stability and, consequently, less susceptibility to movement, the newer series dragged on the surface of the older, and became thereby much faulted and dismembered. This seems to be the explanation of the exceptionally broken condition of the rocks within the district, especially near the basement. The two limestones (described in this paper) which occur near the base of the Cambrian series form excellent horizons for sectional determinations. The two principal quartzose horizons within the area described are—(a) the basal grits and quartzites, which underlie the Lower Torrens-limestone ; and (6) a hard siliceous quartzite, which is inferior to the Upper Torrens-limestone, and is separated from it by a slaty zone of about 25 ft. in thickness. This quartzite is a useful indicator for the upper or blue limestone, as, from the greater solubility of the latter, it is sometimes inconspicuous or masked in the outcrop. There are two smaller quartzites sometimes seen in the phyllites which separate the two limestones, as already described, but these are relatively thin and unim- portant. Above the upper limestone the phyllites are very thick, but it is difficult to estimate their true thickness on account of the crushed condition and frequent faulting of the beds. The remarkable variations that occur in the strike of the beds, within the district, are partly due to the comparatively low angle of dip, in many places, together with the very hilly nature of the ground. Narrow valleys and steep gorges inter- — sect the old peneplain, giving rise to tortuous outcrops and repetitions. In consequence of this irregularity in the out- crops the descriptive notes may appear, I fear, somewhat laboured and tedious, but under the circumstances could scarcely be avoided. Whatever difficulties might have been experienced in following the descriptions, it is hoped will be obviated by references to the map which accompanies this paper. Ci imity id ~ ITCH-MAP nces of the NS-LIMESTONE Pm TRICT. CHIN, F.G.S. Precambridvoyal Society of South Basal Gri 1915.) Lower Rive Upper River Baseizeee,| TO COLOURS. | pper Peale} <a ower caper , and ae tes) ~ aa 35 F sw oyrian Rees 08 SN f 7 206 ; ‘ . 3° ; STONE “ee o8 THe SPR iy, os . VOL. XXXIX., PLATE l. SKETCH-SECTION, GEOLOGICAL SKETCH-MAP To Illustrate the Occurrences of the ee UPPER AND LOWER TORRENS-LIMESTONE IN THE TYPE DISTRICT. LOWER SIXTH CREEK TO RIVER TORRENS == BY WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S. (Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, Vol. xxxix, 1915.) Precambrian 5 Basal Grits Lower RiverZorrens-Limeslone INDEX TO COLOURS. Upper Tacene Linantite} > qual -uieusiniay st er ESoON Slates and } Quartzites J “" I Upper River TorrensLimestone | F Phyllites Cambrian 38 Pre-Cambrian ... ¥ & GILLINGHAM LIMITED, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS ADELAIDE, SO. AUS. 15 The following sketch gives a vertical section of the beds, With a rough estimate of their thickness : — i | |! ! y | {| FP i! | m7 i | =o Phyllites. === (?) 1,500 feet. me i l | | eee Upper Torrens-Limestone : 3 in Black Slates. 200 feet. Phyllites and Quartzites. (?) 1,000 feet. Lower Torrens-Limestone. 150 feet. Basal Grits, etc. 150 feet. Pre-Cambrian Massif. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. A Geological Sketch-map to illustrate the occurrence of the Upper and Lower Torrens-limestones in the Type District. 16 SOUTH AUSTRALIAN -HOLOTHUROIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By E. C. Josuua and E. Creep. a (Communicated by Dr. E. C. Stirling.) [Read November 12, 1914. ] PrAvee midge: TV; The material which forms the basis of this paper is a collection of Holothuroidea in the possession of the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, and was kindly placed at our disposal by the Honorary Curator, Dr. E. C. Stirling. The majority of the species represented was collected by Dr. J. C. Verco from an area which may, be regarded as lying between latitudes 33° and 37° S. and _ longitudes 132° and 140° E. We have to note seventeen species from South Australian waters; this number includes two species not represented in the collection, but which are recorded by Lampert“ as having been collected at Adelaide. We describe four species which we believe to be new to science. The following is a list of the Holothurians included in this paper :— Holothuria hartmeyeri, Erwe. Holothuria, sp. wdeterm. (2)Holothuria fusco-cinerea, Jager. (2) Holothuria vagabunda, Selenka. Stichopus ludwigi, Erwe. Cucumaria squamata, Ludwig. Cucumaria imeconspicua, Bell. Cucumaria striata, n. sp. Cueumaria mutans, Joshua. Pseudocucumis bicolumnatus, Dendy. Phyllophorus ventripes, n. sp. Thyone vercot, n. sp. Thyone, sp. indeterm. Thyone nigra, n. sp. Colochirus doliolum (Pallas). Colochirus quadrangularis. (Lesson). Trochodota allan (Joshua). Caudina chilensis (J. Miiller). (1) Lampert, Kurt, ‘“Die Seewalzen’? (In: Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, iv., Bd., 3. Abth.). Wiesbaden, 1885. (2) Not represented in the collection, but recorded by Lampert. 17 Family ASPIDOCHIROTAE. HoLorHURIA HARTMEYERI, Erwe, 1913. Erwe, Willy. ‘‘Holothuroidea,’’ in ‘‘Die Fauna Siidwest Aus- traliens,”’ Band iv., Lief. 9, Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1913, p. 383. There are two very wrinkled and contracted specimens which we tentatively identify as belonging to Erwe’s species. Their condition is quite inhibitive of a determination of the arrangement of the podia. The spicules, however, appear to agree closely, both in form and size, with those of Erwe’s species. Ho.Loruuria, sp. indeterm. There are several specimens of a Holothurian the condi- tion of which is inhibitive of a satisfactory identification. STICHOPUS LUDWIGI, Erwe, 1913. Stichopus ludwigi, Erwe, p. 388, antea. There is a single example of this species collected in South Australian waters by Dr. J. C. Verco. The specimen is not in very good condition, the external surface having apparently become somewhat eroded, and it is therefore difficult to determine the arrangement of the podia and papillae. However, the deposits are in good con- dition in the uneroded portions of the perisome, and are perfectly characteristic of the above species. The length of our example is 120 mm. Colour is fawn, darker dorsally. The dorsal papillae are of a dark-brown tint. The oral open- ing is placed in a distinctly ventral position, and is surrounded by a rosette-like structure. Family DENDROCHIROTAE. CUCUMARIA squamaTA, Ludwig. Cucumaria squamata, Ludwig, 1898, ‘‘Holothurien’’; in “Ergebn. der Hamburg,’ Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, Hamburg. There is one specimen from Encounter Bay. It is of interest to record this species for South Australia. This specimen is in an excellent state of preservation, and is quite in accord with Ludwig’s description, both as to podial distribution and spiculation. CUCUMARIA INCONSPICUA, Bell. 1887, Bell, F. Jeffrey, ‘‘Holothuroidea, Descriptions of New Species.”” Proc. Zool. Soc., London, June 21. 18 1914, Joshua, E. C., ‘‘Victorian MHolothuroidea, with Descriptions of New Species.’”’ Proc. Roy. Soc., Victoria, vol. XXVii. (new series), part i., Melbourne, 1914. There are three specimens collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. One of us has already commented on the evidently close relationship between this species and Cucwmgria parva, Lud- wig. The South Australian specimens appear in all respects similar to those collected in Victoria. CUCUMARIA STRIATA, N. Sp. The two specimens in the collection were obtained by Mr. J. W. Howard in August, 1888, from the Great Australian Bight. : The length is 25 mm. by 12 mm. in breadth. The form is cylindrical, curved dorsally. The podia are confined to the radii, and form on each of the two dorsal radii four fairly regular rows, which diminish anteriorly and posteriorly to two or three rows only. On each of the ventral radii there are five rows, which also lessen in number towards the ends of the body. The colour of the specimen is inter-radially of a smoky- black, with dirty-white radi, giving a striped appearance. The calcareous ring is of the usual generic configuration. The deposits are in the form of delicate tables (plate ii., fig. 2), the disc of which is markedly concave, and is perforated with from four to ten holes. The spire, which does not always arise from the centre of the disc, consists of two rods, joined by a transverse beam in the vicinity of the disc, and converging for some distance until they become fused, enclosing a small perforation. Subsequently they again diverge, and terminate in two points only. There is a con- siderable variation in the number of holes in the disc, but the form of the spire is very uniform. These deposits are not very thickly disposed in the perisome. The rather striking colouration and peculiar spicules would appear to separate the species from any hitherto described. CUCUMARIA MUTANS, Joshua. 1914, Joshua (antea), Cucumaria mutans. There are two quite typical young individuals collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. This Holothurian is peculiar from the circumstance that during life (and generally in alcohol) it is, while young and half-grown, of a deep blue-black colour, which almost disappears as the animal advances in age, mature specimens being nearly white. 19 PsEUDOCUCUMIS BICOLUMNATUS, Dendy. Journ. Linn. Soec., vol. xxvi., No. 166, ‘‘Holothurians of New “Zealand.” There is an excellently preserved and very typical speci- men of this species collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. PHYLLOPHORUS VENTRIPES, n. sp. Plate u., fig. 1. The collection contains several specimens of a Phyllo- phorus which apparently belongs to a species not hitherto described. They were collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. Description.—Length, about 60 mm.; shape, fusiform, and truncated anteriorly. The podia are restricted to the mid-ventral region, and are numerous and thickly disposed in both the radial and inter-radial areas; a very small number of imperfectly developed podia may occur scattered outside of the region referred to, but the mid-dorsal region for a space of about 30 mm. by 10 mm. is devoid of any podia or papillae. The calcareous ring consists of ten compound mem- bers, both the raidial and inter-radial having posterior pro- longations (plate i11., fig. 5). There are no calcareous deposits in the perisome. The podia are provided at their terminations with cribriform plates and supporting rods. The tentacles, twenty in num- ber and disposed in the typically generic manner, contain -stout branched rods having expanded perforated ends which are often bifurcated. The most remarkable feature of this species is the distri- bution of the podia. We know of but one other species in ‘which that feature is the same, wiz., Thyone meridionalis, Bell, and but for the circumstance that the arrangement of the tentacles in our species is quite typical of the genus Phyllophorus, we should not have hesitated to identify it with that of Bell, since it agrees well with the latter in all -other respects. THYONE VERCOI, n. sp. There is a single specimen collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. ~The animal is of a brown colour, and apparently considerably contracted. Its length is 36 mm., and it tapers both pos- teriorly and anteriorly, the latter extremity being truncated. The podia appear to be thickly disposed over the whole of the body, but are, perhaps, not quite so numerous on the dorsal surface; no arrangement in rows is discernible any- ‘where. The calcareous ring is of substantial build, and con- sists of ten composite members, the radial pieces being prolonged posteriorly. The tentacles are ten in number, the dorsal being about two and one-half times as long as the ventral. 20 There is a single polian vessel and but one madreporite. Dependent from the anterior region of the intericr of the pharynx are over one hundred digitiform processes, the nature of which is discussed elsewhere. The deposits in the perisome consist of cruciform bodies with spinous processes projecting in a plane perpendicular to their surface (plate iii., fig. 1,a,b,c,d). The arms of the cross are in some cases produced so as to form a hole. The spicules give one the impression of being in a developing stage. The species appears to differ from any previously described, but Zhyone sacellus, Selenka, would seem to be a near relative. The latter, however, differs in the form of the calcareous ring, and, moreover, the spicules of our present species could not very well, even if they be regarded as not fully developed, proceed to the form of those found in 7’. sacellus. THYONE, sp. indeterm. There is a single specimen of a Thyone, in which cal- careous deposits are completely wanting. Their absence from the perisome would not be regarded as inhibitive of a deter- mination, but as they have in this case disappeared from the tube-feet, where there is some evidence of their having been previously present, we do not care to endeavour to identify the species. THYONE NIGRA, Nn. sp. One specimen collected by Dr. J. C. Verco. Description.—Shape fusiform, the posterior and anterior ends being upturned. Podia distributed without arrange- ment all over the body. Tentacles ten, frondose; the dorsal are about double the length of the ventral. Colour, deep purphsh-black, podia white. The calcareous ting consists of ten processes (plate i1., fig. 4), having prolongations pos- teriorly. Calcareous deposits are thickly disposed throughout the perisome; they consist of tables of two kinds (plate iii., fig. 3). The first, which measure about 0°096 mm. x 0°064 mm., are of an irregular oblong shape; the disc is flat, and is pierced with four large central holes. These form a cross. There are other holes, which are irregularly disposed. The spire of the table is very short; it consists of two rods which are joined only at their extremities, which are spinous. The second kind of table consists of a rhomboidal plate, pierced as in the first- mentioned with four central holes and with a few holes at each extremity. The plate is distinctly concave, the spire is similar to that in the first kind; these rhomboidal plates occur exclu- sively in the skin of the podia. Tfnternally the anatomy shows 21 no peculiarities; the single polian vessel is, however, very large in proportion to the size of the animal, measuring 3mm. x 15 mm. We believe the above species to have been hitherto undescribed. Ludwig’s 7'hyone similis is, perhaps, its closest relative. CoLOcHIRUS DOLIOLUM (Pallas). For synonymy see Erwe, Willy, antea. Numerous characteristic specimens from various stations. The species evidently has a range embracing the whole Southern Australian coastline. CoLOCHIRUS QUADRANGULARIS (Lesson). For synonymy see Erwe, Willy, antea. There are two excellently preserved specimens of this well-characterized species. They were collected in the Great Australian Bight by Mr. J. W. Howard. Family SYNAPTIDAE. TROCHODOTA ALLANI (Joshua). (31912, Joshua, Taeniogyrus allant. (41912, Dendy, Chiridota allani. (5)1913, Joshua, Trochodota allanz. A single typical specimen from Kangaroo Island. It is interesting to note the occurrence of this species so far west of its hitherto recorded habitats. Family MOLPADIIDAE. CaUDINA CHILENSIS (J. Miiller). For synonymy see ‘‘Dendy and Hindle.’’ (®) This species is represented by over forty specimens collected in various localities off the South Australian coast. Very great variation is exhibited in the size and form of the individuals, and to some extent also in their colour and spicu- lation. The series furnished specimens of which the largest measured 125 mm. in length and about 60 mm. in breadth, (3)On a new Holothurian of the genus Taeniogyrus. Proc. Roy. Soc., Victoria, vol. xxv. (new series), part i., Melbourne, 1912. (4) Jour. of the Quekett Microscopical Club, ser. i1., vol. xii., No. 72, pp. 105 to 107, 1912. (5) 1914, antea. (6) Jour. Linn. Soe., vol. xxx., Zoology, London, 1907. 22 and were of massive build, but with no approach to the caudate character assigned to this species; the colour was yellow, with patches of rusty-pink; the spiculation was per- fectly specific, as were also the calcareous ring and the tentacles. At the other end of the scale we got individuals of about 70 mm. in length, white in colour, and markedly caudate, the ‘‘tail’’ portion being one-half the length of the animal, and constricted abruptly at its junction with the body; the ring, ossicles, and tentacles were specific. The remaining specimens furnished links between the two extremes given above. We do not at present propose to enter upon a taxonomic _ review of the family Molpadiidae, but would point out that this great variation in form occurring in one species makes it doubtful whether the division into the two genera Molpadia and Caudina is justifiable. On SOME STRUCTURES FOUND IN THE PHARYNX OF Thyone vercot, . sp. In making the necessary dissections for the identification of the several species contained in this collection, our atten- tion was drawn to some very unusual structures occurring in the pharynx of Thyone vercoi, n. sp. The pharynx, on being opened, displayed a large number (over 100) of small pedunculated processes depending in several somewhat irregularly disposed rows from the whole of its inner surface (plate 11., figs. 2, 3, and 4; plate i., fig. 1,e,f,g; plate iv.). These processes measured from 2 to 4 mm. in length, and aver- aged about 1 mm. at their greatest diameter. Their colour was a dead white, and they were very conspicuous. The white colour was shown by microscopical examination to be due to a dense aggregation of calcareous particles, foliaceous in form, and measuring about 0°048 mm. in length (plate in., fig. 1,¢,f,g). These particles coalesced to form a reticulated mass in the interior of the process. After decalcification, longitudinal sections were cut of one of the processes with a portion of the pharyngeal wall from which it depended. The wall of the pharynx was found to be histologically normal; the pro- cesses were extensions of this normal tissue, the longitudinal muscles not being, however, continued into them, but pro- ceeding in a direct line along the pharyngeal wall. The con- nective tissue of the interior of these processes was almost entirely replaced by the mass of ossicles already referred to. The structure cannot be homologized with any part of the recorded anatomy of MHolothurians, but a remark by 23 Ludwig, which we quote herewith, appears to have some: bearing on the subject :— ' ‘“‘Hier aber sind noch einige Anhangsgebilde zu erwahnen, welche bei einzelnen Arten vorkommen. So_ beschreibt Selenka, dass er an je einem Exemplare von MJiilleria mauritiana und miliaris (Quoy und Gaim.) rundum am Ringkanal eine grosse Zahl von kleinen, etwa 2/3 mm. dicken, gestielten Blaschen gefunden habe, welche unmittel- bare Ausstiilpungen des Ringkanales darstellen. In ihrem Inneren liegen Hunderte von kleinen, ellipsoiden, isolirten Zellen, deren vorderes Ende sich tutenformig offnet, wahrend das hintere einen langen Faden tragt; erfiillt sind die Zellen von kleinen Fetttropfchen. Selenka vermuthet in diesen Zellen parasitaére Gebilde.* | Dagegen scheinen die kleinen, zahlreichen Blindsacke, welche Théel bei seinem //yodaemon maculatus und anderen Elasipoden am Ringkanale beobach- tete, normale Bildungen zu sein. “*Weshalb (Lampert, pp. 6 and 7) in den oben geschilderten, von Selenka erwahnten Blaschen Steinkanadle sehen will, ist mir ebenso unverstandlich wie seine fernere Behauptung, dass jene Blaschen, sicher dieselben Gebilde sind, deren Semper und Ludwig bei Beschreibung neuer Colochirus-Arten Erwahnung thun und die sie als Steinkanale bezeichnen.’’ Now in reference to the above remarks we think that there is very little doubt that Selenka’s assumption of the parasitic nature of the structure mentioned by him 1s correct. The bodies he describes and figures closely resemble the sporocytes of a gregarine, an organism, species of which are not infrequently found infesting Holothurians. The real nature of the structure found in Thyone vercot, n. sp., is rendered obscure by reason of the character of the contents of the processes—a very definite aggregati-n of calcareous spicules with no indication of any structure at all resembling that described by Selenka. Further than the above descrip- tion we are not at present prepared to go. It may be patho- logical in its origin, or may, on the other hand, be a per- fectly normal structure. DESCRIPTION. OF PLATES. Prate I. Fig. 1. Phyllophorus ventripes, n. sp., lateral view. » 2. Thyone vercoi, n. sp. Pharynx opened longitudinally, showing masses of processes containing calcareous deposits. Enlarged. ,, 3. Two of the processes further enlarged. 4. The ‘‘neck’’ of a process further enlarged to show the character of the contained ossicles. (7) Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reiches. Echino- dermen, I. Buch., ‘‘Die Seewalzen,’’ p. 112. 24 Pyuate II. Fig. 1. Thyone vercot, n. sp. a,b,c,d—Various ossicles from perisome, x 200. e,f,g—Ossicles from pharyngeal processes and from tentacles, x 200. 2. Cucumaria striata, n. sp. a,b,c,d—Ossicles from perisome, x 275. 3 o. Thyone nigra, n. sp. a,b,c—Ossicles from perisome, x 250. d,e—Ossicles from tube feet, x 250. » 4. Thyone nigra, caleareous ring. Enlarged. 5, 9. Phyllophorus ventripes, calcareous ring. Enlarged. +3 Puate LV. Thyone verco.. Diagram of a section of the pharyngeal wall and of a single process dependent therefrom. a—Spicules as in plate ili., fig. i., e.f,g. b—Endothelium. c—Lymphocytes. d—Longitudinal musele. e—Connective tissue. f—Cireular muscle. g—Peritoneum. | ate P| 5 X ro eee. 8 Y \ o 3 Vol: XXXTX., Plate LIT: HUSSEY & GILLINGHAM LIMITED, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS ADE LAIDE, SO. AUS. Vol. XXXIX., Plate IV. us eae 2m, oe SR se ies fe ee a8 \\ ihr Ss 3 eres er ee ee . Os <ce Ey ~ z = e v see 5 Bee eon ee : = . Se CINE Sess eD Sect as vee EOD” oe oe ae a Pears vorete? SS CtanannaaNAD : SQ as se Svan naLED ° eee ARR dk eee °: ne, LP toe Cy "eee eo; pts “ees . ae Gs Mos = 38 oe SO BUCA ° moe See. . SNE INN IN) UEC ADELA NTERS & PUBLISHERS TED, PR Mm LIM ews , ehh -7t.® ‘ 25 THE HAEMATOZOA OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS.—NO. 3. By J. Burton CLELAND, M.D., Ch.M. (Sydney). [Read April 8, 1915. | The present paper is a continuation of the systematic examination for haematozoa of blood slides from Australian birds, of which two previous numbers have already been contributed by Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, in association with the present writer. The present paper deals with the examina- tion of further slides up to the end of 1914. The majority of the birds were obtained in New South Wales, but some came from South Australia, Queensland, and the islands of Bass Straits. I would here like to express my gratitude to Dr. T. L. Bancroft, of Eidsvold, Queensland, who has so generously forwarded many blood-films for examination, as well as to my former colleague, Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, with whom some of the earlier specimens in this paper were conjointly examined. The haematozoa found in Australian birds are comprised in the protozoan genera //alteridium, Plasmodium, Trypano- soma, and Leucocytozcon (?), whilst Microfilariae have also been found. Our joint and separate researches have now shown the presence of Halteridia in birds in all the States of the Com- monwealth, except Victoria, from which latter State we have as yet had no opportunity of examining specimens. The genus. Plasmodium has been found in sparrows in Sydney, and has been recorded from Victoria by Gilruth, Sweet, and Dodd, and from Queensland by Breinl. We have met with trypanosomes in Queensland birds, and in two instances in birds from New South Wales, one of these cases being from Grafton and the other from near Sydney.. Trypanosomes seem rarer in birds in New South Wales than in those from Queensland. Lewco- cytozoon (2), which we have thought may possibly be an intra- corpuscular stage of a trypanosome, has been found chiefly in (1) ‘The Haematozca of Australian Birds, No. 1,’’ by J. Burton Cleland, M.D., Ch.M., and T. Harvey Johnston, M.A., D.Sc., appeared in Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., vol. xxxiv., 1910. ‘The Haematozoa of Australian Birds, No. 2,’’ by the same authors, appeared in the Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., vol. xlv., 1911. 26 ‘Queensland birds. In the present paper, however, an instance of infection in a spiny-cheeked honey-eater as far south in New South Wales as Yanco is recorded. We have detected Microfilarviae in birds from Queensland and New South Wales. In this paper, as in previous papers, a list of birds, whose bloods have yielded negative results in our hands when micro- scopically examined, is given. We have now examined 160 species of Australian birds, comprising 339 individuals, for haematozoa with negative re- sults. In the list of species in this paper giving the negative results I have indicated those species from which we had previously obtained haematozoa. We have now detected the presence of Halteridia in 32 species of Australian birds; 11 of these are mentioned in the present paper, the host in six ‘instances being new. We have met with the genus Plasmodium in several sparrows captured in the neighbourhood of Sydney. A. parasite of the black swan, forwarded to us by Dr. Bancroft, of Queensland, contains a large intracellular parasite, which we have provisionally placed in the genus Plasmodium, though possibly it should be referred to Halteridium. These parasites are in general oval, but occasionally show a tendency to assume a halter form. No schizonts were detected to enable the matter to be settled. We have found the presence of trypanosomes in eight species, three of which are referred to in the present paper, two of them being new hosts, though in one of these two we had previously found Lewcocytozoa. Leucocytozoa have been detected in ten species, of which four are included here, two being new hosts. In five species trypanosomes and Leucocytozoa have both been detected, in three species trypanosomes alone, and in five species Lewcocytozoa alone. From these figures it will be seen that trypanosomes and Leucocytozoa are often present in the same species of bird, and even in the same individual bird. This fact may be due merely to the coincidence that the one invertebrate host will serve for the transmission of both parasites to the avian host. On the other hand, it may indicate what we have suggested in previous papers—viz., that the Lewcocytozoon is an intra- cellular phase of the trypanosome. At present it seems advisable to record the intracellular bodies as separate para- sites, though in our previous papers they were included under the heading ‘““Trypanosomes.’’ Parasites of this nature are known from other parts of the world, and are generally con- sidered as in no way related to trypanosomes. The following list indicates those species harbouring one or both of these blood parasites, and the number of individuals in which they have been found : — 27 Trypanosomes. Leucocytozoa. Both. Podargus strigoides ... Microeca fascinaus a Pardalotus melanocephalus Myzomela sanguineolenta Ptilotis fusca .. uae Ptilotis chrysops Myzantha garrula Anellobia chrysoptera Acanthogenys rufigularis Entomyza cyanotis Oriolus sagittarius Sphecotheres mazillaris Corcorax melanorhampus cvoo | | oe Total individuals affected Total species affected Microfilariae have been found in 26 species of birds, of which six are included in the present paper, one host being new. well lit) i] eel eel one | ro no ne | at de otel | | Hol wl |earl | | I.—PLasMopDIvm. (1) Plasmodium biziurae (1) from Chenopsis atrata (Black Swan).—A large intra-corpuscular parasite of the black © swan, for the slide containing which I am indebted to Dr. Bancroft, has the general appearance of a Plasmodium. The parasites appear as rounded or irregularly oval bodies, often at one end of the host cell, displacing the nucleus. Sometimes the parasites are oval and lying alongside the host-nucleus, occasionally they are bean-shaped, and in one or two instances they tended to curl round the host-nucleus after the fashion of Hlalteridium. There were no marked halter-forms, however, and their absence, coupled with the displacement of the host- nucleus, suggest that the parasite is a Plasmodium, and not a Halteridium. No schizonts were detected to set the matter at rest. The parasites showed an alveolar appearance of the protoplasm, some (male forms) staining a paler blue than others (female). Melanin appeared as fine scattered granules (about 20 small grains in one male form), as fine granules grouped at one side in another male form, as scattered coarser granules also in a male form, or as two large coarse masses in the centre in a female form. Some of the infected corpuscles were partly dehaemoglobinized. Even in a small pale spherical form of 7 » diameter, the nucleus was displaced. One of the largest parasites, which assumed a slight halter form, measured 14 x 5 yp, the host-cell containing it 15°38 x 82. Descriptions of other examples of the parasites, which were few in number, are as follow: — (1) Oval, deep blue, 9 x 5°5 p, placed alongside the host- nucleus, and displacing it, corpuscle partly dehaemoglobinized. 28 (2) Placed obliquely at one end of the corpuscle, 8 to 10 p long, coarse masses of melanin. (3) Elongated oval, 12 x 5:2 yx, placed alongside the host- nucleus, scattered fine grains of pigment. (4) Oval, tending to curl round the ends of the host- nucleus, 13°8 p» long. These parasites are much larger than the Plasmodium we have found in sparrows in Sydney. They are also larger than the V/alteridia we have met with. Gil- ruth, Sweet, and Dodd (Proc. Roy. Soc., Vic., xxiii, n.s. p. 231) have recorded P. bizurae from the musk-duck, Biziura lobata. This latter species is 8°5 to 10 x 4°8 to 97 yw, displaces the host-nucleus, and causes slight enlargement of the infected cells from 13°5 to 14°2 x 78 to 85 pw, to 156x977 to 10°6 p. As the musk-duck inhabits the same localities as the black swan, it seems possible, in spite of slight differences in size and shape, that our parasite Gf a true Plasmodium, and not a Halteridiwm) is also P. biziurae, under which designation it is provisionally placed. (2) Plasmodium passeris, from Passer domesticus (House Sparrow).—In the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, in 1909, vol. xxxiv., p. 505, Dr. Johnston and myself have recorded the presence of a malarial parasite in sparrows in Sydney. Another instance of infection has been met with, a few red cells in one of two sparrows obtained in October, 1914, showing spherical forms of about 4°8 » diameter at one end of the host-cell, displacing its nucleus. There were a few fine scattered grains of pigment. It is of interest to note that so far no indigenous species of birds in the neighbour- hood of Sydney has shown an infestation by a Plasmodium, whilst this parasite, presumably imported into Australia with its present host, must have existed in Sydney for at least half a century, and probably for longer (no sparrows have been introduced into Australia of recent years). Notwith- standing, apparently ample opportunities for transmission to other birds, this seems not to have been achieved, either because the parasite is specific to its passerine host, or because the invertebrate host has opportunities of biting sparrows much more frequently than other birds. An intermediate host lke the mosquito, Culex fatigans, would fulfil this latter 76/e, since it confines its activities to the immediate neighbourhood cf houses to which few native birds resort. TT.—HALTERIDIUM. There are several additional infected species to be recorded, as well as further records of species already shown to be infected : —- : 29 (1) Halteridium of Catheturus lathami.—A further speci- men obtained by Dr. Bancroft at Eidsvold, Queensland, in December, 1911, has been found infected. (2) Halteridium of Ninox boobook.—In our first joint aper we recorded the presence of //alteridium in Ninox boobook (%) from Queensland. Another blood-slide from this species, forwarded by Dr. Bancroft in September, 1911, from Eidsvold, also showed their presence. (3) Halteridium of Ninox strenua.—Halteridia, very few in number, were seen in slides made from this bird, and kindly given to us in February, 1913, by Dr. Bancroft from Eidsvold. (4) Halteridium of Gerygone albigularis.—Blood-slides were obtained from a specimen of this species shot at Molong in 1913. Halteridia of large size were present, occupying the side and both ends of the host-cell, in some instances distinctly but slightly displacing the nucleus. In some instances five- sixths of the available space in the red cell was occupied by the Halteridium. Occasionally the side of the host-cell opposite the parasite was reduced to a mere rim of protoplasm. The pigment was coarse. (5) Halteridium of Dicaeum hirundinaceum (Swallow Dicaeum).—Halteridia were detected in a specimen of Dicaeum obtained on the Hawkesbury River, near Sydney, in March, 1912. The parasite occupied the side and both ends of the containing red cell. Pigment was moderately abundant, the individual grains being of medium size. Pale forms were not noticed. , (6) Halteridium of Pardalotus melanocephalus (Black- headed Pardalote).—Dr. Johnston and I have previously recorded the presence of //alteridia in this species. Dr. Ban- croft forwarded from Eidsvold in October, 1911, a further film from this bird showing a few //alteridia. (7) Halteridium of Melithreptus validirostris (Thick- billed Honey-eater).—A blood-film was obtained from this species on Flinders Island, in Bass Straits, at the end of November, 1912. AHalteridia were present, but scarce. Both pale- and dark-staining forms were noticed. A remarkable feature was the scarcity of pigment, even in adult forms ex- tending from end to end of their host-cells. In.these just a few minute grains or none at all were detected. Possibly this is a specific feature. (8) Halteridium of Myzomela sanguineolenta (Sanguineous Honey-eater).—We have previously recorded Halteridia from this species. Another infected specimen was forwarded by Dr. Bancroft from Eidsvold in October, 1911, infested also with Microfilariae, trypanosomes, and Leucocytozoa. The Halteridia were numerous, with one or a few large grains of 30 pigment, and surrounded the host-nucleus, leaving only a thin rim of protoplasm externally. (9) Halterrdium of Ptilotis chrysops.—In a blood-slide made from one of these birds, shot at Milson Island, in the Hawkesbury River, in November, 1914, numerous /Halteridia and a few trypanosomes were detected. The Halteridia, which we have previously recorded from this species, presented no special features, occupying one side and most of both ends of the affected host-cells, and showing coarse grains of pigment, collected into groups, sometimes at one end only, sometimes at both ends, and sometimes in the middle. (10) Halteridium of Ptilotis penicillata.—In a specimen of this honey-eater, obtained at Overland Corner, Murray River, South Australia, a few Halteridia were detected, some» mature, some half-grown. Pigment was present as large granules. | (11) Halteridium of Acanthogenys rufigularis (Spiny- cheeked Honey-eater).—A few Halteridia have been detected in blood-films from one of these birds obtained at Cobar in October, 1911, and in another shot at Merrool, near Yanco,. in October, 1912. In the latter case, Lewcocytozoa were also: present. IiI.-—Lrvcocyrozoa (‘‘Intra-corpuscular Trypanosomes(?)’’). In No. II. of our Haematozoa of Australian Birds, Dr. Johnston and myself have described intra-corpuscular bodies in the blood corpuscles of various Australian birds. We have thought that these might be intra-corpuscular forms of the _ trypanosomes with which they are often associated, and have referred to them as such, or as Lewcocytozoa. These rounded. parasites seem not uncommon in birds in other parts of the world, and are usually referred to as “Lewcocytozoa,” a term which it seems preferable to use rather than a more or less committal one, such as “intra-corpuscular trypanosomes.” All the specimens we have so far examined from various birds are- of spherical form and seem specifically indistinguishable. The following specimens have been examined since our last paper :— (1) Leucocytozoon of Podargus strigoides.—In 1913 Dr.. Bancroft sent us slides from this Podargus from Eidsvold, Queensland. Aicrofilariae were present, and in addition moderately numerous male and female forms of a Lewcocy-- tozoon, measuring 8°5 to 10°5 pw in diameter. We have not previously recorded Lewcocytozoon from this species of bird. (2) Leucocytozoon of Myzomela sanquineolenta.—An addi-. tional bird, obtained by Dr. Bancroft in October, 1911, has- been found infected with Lewcocytozoon, as well as_ with: trypanosomes, Microfilariae, and [Malteridia. 31 (3) Leucocytozoon of Ptilotis fusca.—We have previously recorded “free and intra-corpuscular trypanosomes” from ‘Queensland birds of this species. In a bird shot near Grafton, New South Wales, in April, 1912, both trypanosomes and Leucocytozoa were detected. This was the first New South Wales bird in which either of these parasites had been found. (4) Leucocytozoon of Acanthogenys rufigularis (Spiny- cheeked Honey-eater).—In a bird shot at Merrool, near Yanco, in October, 1912, these Lewcocytozoa were detected. In young forms the host-nucleus was bayed by the parasite, in older forms it lay as a cap or a band on the parasite. The coloura- tion of the host-nucleus by Giemsa’s stain in infected cells was more purplish than in the case of non-parasitized cells, the tint being the same as is obtained when a red corpuscle has been partly injured in making a film. In some of the largest forms the protoplasm of the parasites contained a few dark granules. The infection of this bird is of considerable interest. The locality is in the south of New South Wales, not very far from ‘the Victorian border, the only other bird in this State that we have so far found infested with the Lewcocytozoon having come from the opposite, north-east, corner—v7z., Grafton. The bird is also more of an interior, dry-loving species, whereas ~Grafton is sub-tropical. LV .—TRYPANOSOMES. One new infected Australian species of bird has been met With since our last report. The species of trypanosome is probably the same as that found in other Australian species and called by us Trypanosoma anellobiae :-— (1) Trypanosome of Myzomela sanguineolenta (Sanguineous Honey-eater).—We have previously recorded the presence of Leucocytozoa (‘“Intra-corpuscular Trypanosomes’’) in this species from Eidsvold, Queensland. In October, 1911, Dr. Bancroft kindly forwarded another specimen from the same locality, in which a few trypanosomes, as well as Leucocytozoa, Halteridia, and Muicrofilariae were detected. The posterior end of the only uninjured. trypanosome seen was finely attenu- -ated with the micro-nucleus 12 » from the extremity. The micro-nucleus, 2°5 » long, was 11 p anteriorly, the body at this level being 5 » wide. From the macro-nucleus the para- site gradually tapered anteriorly to end at 26 ». There was a broad, undulating membrane. This is another instance of the association of Leucocytozoa and trypanosomes. (2) Trypanosome of Ptilotis fusca.—We have previously recorded Leucocytozoon and trypanosomes from Queensland specimens of this bird. The bird shot at Grafton in April, 1912, referred to under Leucocytozoon, also contained trypano- somes. 32 (3) Trypanosome of Ptilotis chrysops.—In a bird shot aft Milson Island, Hawkesbury River, in November, 1914, numerous //alteridia were present, and a single well-preserved trypanosome was seen, as well as several degenerated forms without flagella. This parasite was dark blue, with a pointed posterior end with the micro-nucleus close to the tip. The body was about 17 » long, apart from the curves, which would make it about 20 p, the free flagellum was 12 p long, and the greatest breadth 3°5 ». A search for Leueocytozoa did not reveal any. V .—-MICROFILARIAE. (1 and 2) Microfilariae of Plotus novae-hollandiae and Phalocrocoraz sulcirostris.—In October, 1911, we received from Dr. Bancroft at Ejidsvold, Queensland, blood smears from these two species of birds. My former colleague, Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, was with Dr. Bancroft when the birds were shot, and describes the two species as commingling together. Dr. Johnston has recorded our findings in a paper read before the Royal Society of Queensland in June, 1912. An examina- tion of these slides shows the presence of sheathed Miecro- filariae specifically different from the unsheathed forms pre- viously recorded by us from Phalocrocoraz melanoleucus in our second paper. The Microfilariae showed a well-marked sheath, either as an empty envelope extending beyond one end of the worm, or as a long empty tube left trailing behind as the M/icrofilariae “wriggled” forwards in the drying blood smear. The anterior ends of the bodies were rounded, and the posterior ends rapidly attenuated to a sharp point, this feature being somewhat obscured by the sheath. There was indistinct cross-striation. The anterior end showed a clear area from a few up to 7 uw in length, being sometimes mostly occupied by isolated nuclear masses, at others possessing only a small mass. The following are the measurements, in micromillimetres, of several individuals from both species : — From P. sulcirostris. From Plotus. : TORRES. Anterior clear area ...| Nuclei occupy | . most of the specimen 7 5 7 | 4| Anterior end to Ist ‘spot’ 43 40| 35] 48] 36) 38/34 Ist ‘‘spot’’? (incomplete) ... 2 Ma 2; 2| lst ‘‘spot’’ to 2nd ‘‘spot’’ 15°5 15:5), DA SEV: 17) Sag 2nd ‘‘spot’’ (V-shaped’’) ... 35 35) 35) 35 2nd ‘‘spot’’ to end we 95 | 104 95 112 ge : ne EG Es eee | aie a | Total length 1/57... 159 | 165/154°5| 185 181 173 Breadth sierra ae ee | 5) uSta hones ei a | | Mates 30 (3) Microfilaria of Podargus strigoides.—In our second paper we have referred to the Microfilaria of this species of frogmouth. In a further specimen, also forwarded to us from Eidsvold, Queensland, by Dr. Bancroft, these parasites were very numerous, and Lewcocytozoa were also present. The Microfilariae showed fine transverse striations, and the tail tapered to a sharp point, whilst the anterior end was blunt. In our previous paper we gave the total length as 90 to 100 p, but an examination of this bird shows they may reach nearly 140 pp. The following are the measurements, in micromilli- metres, of several individuals:—Total lengths, 98, 100°3, 105°4,'131°5, 137°4, 138; anterior “‘clear’’ area, 3°4 to 5°5; anterior end to first “‘spot,’’ 29°5, 27°5, 29°5, 31, 38, 39°5; length of first ‘spot,’ 2 to 3°4; from first ‘spot’ to second “spot,” 26, 24, 26, 24, 38, 29°5; length of second “spot,” 2 to 5 mw, in one instance, perhaps due to injury, 7 »; from second “spot” to posterior end, 38, 43°5, 43, 52 (with a doubt- ful third “spot” in the exact middle of this area), 51, 44 (with a third “spot” 27 » from the anterior end of this area). The greatest diameter was 3°5 to 4 ww. Microscopically, though the measurements vary in individuals and seem to group them- selves about two means, there is nothing to suggest that more than one species is present. (4) Microfilaria of Eurystomus pacificus.— Another speci- men of the roller infested with Microfilariae was forwarded by Dr. Bancroft from Queensland in January, 1912. (5) Microfilaria of Collyriocichla harmonica.—Micro- filariae were detected in the blood of a specimen of the har- monious thrush obtained at the Hawkesbury River, New South ° Wales, in June, 1912. Their features may be summarized as follows: Anterior end, blunt; breadth throughout more or less uniform, though the posterior third diminishes slightly ; posterior end also blunt; fine cross-striations; a very short “clear” area at the anterior end. Total length, 96 to 103 p; anterior “clear’’ area, sometimes 2°5 p long; first “‘spot,” 20°5 » from anterior end in three specimens, and 26 p in a fourth; a V-shaped “break” at about 36 to 38 p» from the anterior end; a third “spot” at 57 to 62 » from the anterior end ; greatest breadth, 3°5 pn. (6) Microfilaria of Myzomela sanguineolenta.—Another specimen of the sanguineous honey-eater infested with the exceedingly long J/icrofilaria mentioned in our second paper, and also harbouring Halteridia, Leucocytozoa, and trypano- somes, was kindly forwarded in October, 1911, from Eidsvold by Dr. Bancroft. Cc 34 The :following are the tabulated lists of the material examined for the pui pose of this paper. The numbers (M. 216, etc.) refer to Mathews’ ““Hand-list of the Birds of Australasia,” published in The Emu (vol. vi., 1907-8). 1.—List oF BrrDs IN wuHicH Plasmodia WERE FOUND. Chenopsis atrata (M. 216), Eidsvold, Queensland, 1914 (1 with Plasmodium, 1 nil). Passer domesticus (introduced), Sydney, October, 1914 (1 with Plasmodium, 1 nil). 9.--List oF BIRDS IN wHicH Halteridia WERE FOUND. Catheturus lathamt (M. 7), Eidsvold, Queensland, December, 191. Ninox boobook (M. 283), Eidsvold, September, 1911 ; Eidsvold, January, 1913 (niu); Mannum, South Australia, November, 1913 (nl). Ninox strenua (M. 291), Eidsvold, February, 1913. Gerygone albigularis (M. 451), Molong, October, 1913. Dicaewm hirundinaceum (M. 722), Hawkesbury River, March, 1902. Pardalotus melanocephalus (M. 729), Eidsvold, October, 1911. Melithreptus validirostris (M. 740), Flinders Island, Bass Straits, November, 1912. Myzomela sanguineolenta (M. 746), Hidsvold, October, 1911 (with Microfilariae, trypanosomes, and Leucocytozoa). Ptilotis chrysops (M. 775), Hawkesbury River, November, 1914 (with trypanosomes). Ptilotis penicillata (M. 791), Overland Corner, River Murray, South Australia, December, 1913 (1 with Halteridia, 1 nil). Acanthogenys rufigularis (M. 812), Cobar, September, 1911; Yanco, October, 1912 (with Leucocytozoa). 3.—List oF BIRDS IN wHIcH Leucocytozod WERE FOUND. Podargus strigoides (M. 376), Eidsvold, 1913 (with Micro- flariae); Hawkesbury River (nil). Myzomela sanguineolenta (M. 746), Eidsvold, October, 1911 (with trypanosomes, Halteridia, and Microfilariae ). Ptilotis fusca (M. 769), Grafton, April, 1912 (with trypano- fei ; Wellington, New South Wales, October, 1914 (ml). Acanthogenys rufigularis (M. 812), Cobar, September, 1911 (Halteridia only); Yaneo, October, 1912 (with Halteridia also). .~ 35 4.—List oF BIRDS IN WHICH TRYPANOSOMES WERE FOUND. Myzomela sanguineolenta (M. 746), Hidsvold, Queensland, October, 1911 (with Leucocytozoa, Halteridia, and Microfilariae ). Ptilotis fusca (M. 769), Grafton, April, 1912 (with Lewcocy- tozoa); Wellington, New South Wales, October, 1914 (nil). Ptilotis chrysops (M. 775), Hawkesbury River, November, 1914 (with Halteridia). 5.—List oF BirRDS IN wHIcH Microfilariae WERE FOUND. Phalacrocorasz sulcirostris (M. 238), Eidsvold, October, 1911. Plotus novae-hollandiae (M. 242), Queensland, October, 1911. Podargus strigoides (M. 376), Hidsvold, 1913 (with Lewcocy- tozoa); Hawkesbury River (nl). Eurystomus pacificus (M. 381), Hidsvold, January, 1912. Collyriocichla harmonica (M. 636), Hawkesbury River, June, 1912; Eidsvold, April, 1913,. (nil). Myzomela sanguineolenta (M. 746), Eidsvold, October, 1911 (with Halteridia, trypanosomes, and Leucocytozoa). 6.—List oF BIRDS IN WHICH HAEMATOZOA WERE NOT FOUND. (The figure (1) placed before a bird’s name indicates that we have on previous occasions found Halteridia in the species, (2) a trypanosome, (3) Lewcocytozoon, and (4) a Microfilaria). Dromaeus novae-hollandiae (M 1), Eidsvold, Queensland, September, 1913. Geopelia humeralis (M. 33), Gular, October, 1911. Geopelia plucida (M. 34), Gular, October, 1911. Chaleophaps chrysochlora (M. 36), Eidsvold, September, 1913. Phaps chalcoptera (M. 37), EKidsvold, Queensland, April, 1913. Podiceps novae-hollandiae (M. 65), Hawkesbury River, Octo- ber, 1911. Pelagodroma marina (M. 75), Flinders Island, Bass Straits, November, 1912. Puffinus tenuwirostris (M. 84), Flinders Island, November, 1912. Diomedea exulans (M. 109), South of Tasmania, 1914. Haematopus fuliginosus (M. 145), Flinders Island, November, 1912. Aegialitis melanops (M. 158), Eidsvold, September, 1911. Heteropygia aurita (M. 181), Gular, October, 1911 (2); Flinders Island, Bass Straits, November, 1912 (2). Notophoyx novae-hollandiae (M. 204), Eidsvold, October, 1911. Notophoyx pacifica (M. 205), Gular, October, 1911. Phalacrocorax carbo (M. 237), Queensland, October, 1911 (2). Phalacrocoraz, sp., Hawkesbury River. c2 36 Uroaétus audax (M. 262), Eidsvold, February, 1913. Falco melanotus, Flinders Island, November, 1912. Hieracidea berigora (M. 278), Eidsvold, January, 1912. Hawk sp., Eidsvold, January, 1912 (2). Large owl, Eidsvold, 1913. Glossopsittacus pusillus (M. 309), Hawkesbury River, July, 1912. Cacatua galerita (M. 320), Eidsvold, September, 1911 (2). Polytelis barrabandi (M. 328), Cobar, September, 1911. Aprosmictus cyanopygius (M. 332), Eidsvold, January, 1912. Platycercus exvmius (M. 343), Eidsvold, January, 1912. Barnardius barnardi (M. 349), Willbriggie, October, 1912. Psephotus haematorrhous (M. 354), Dubbo, September, 1911. Psephotus haematonotus (M. 361), Cowra, September, 1911. Halcyon sordidus (M. 394), Queensland, October, 1911. Eurostopus albigularis (M. 397), Eidsvold, January, 1912. Scythrops novae-hollandiae (M. 416), Eidsvold, January, 1912. Chelidon ariel (M. 432), Gular, October, 1911; Morgan, South Australia, November, 1913 (2). (2) Microeca fasconans (M. 433), Morgan, November, 1913. Petroeca rosea (M. 443), Hawkesbury River, June, 1912. Smicrorns brevirostris (M. 449), Cobar, September, 1911; Hawkesbury River, June, 1912. Myiagra rubecula (M. 488), Hawkesbury River, 1912. Coracina robusta (M. 504), Queensland, October, 1911. Coracina parvirostris (M. 505), Flinders Island, November, 1912 Cinclosoma castanonotum (M. 516), Alawoona, South Austra- lia, December, 1913. Drymaoedus brunneopygius (M. 521), Alawoona, December, £913: Pomatorhinus ruficeps (M. 531), Cobar, September, 1911 (young bird). Ephthianura tricolor (M. 547), Molong, October, 1913. Origma rubricata (M. 557), Sydney, May, 1912. Chthonicola sagittata (M. 558), The Oaks, June, 1914. Acanthiza nana (M. 559), Sydney, November, 1911. Acanthiza diemenensis (M. 565), Flinders Island, November, 1912. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia (M. 568), Monarto South, South Aus- tralia, July, 1914; Willbriggie, New South Wales, October, 1912. Acanthiza uropygialis (M. 573), Dubbo, September, 1911 (2). Acanthiza reguloides (M. 575), Dubbo, September, 1911. Sericornis flindersi, Flinders Island, November, 1912. Malurus cyaneus (M. 592), Flinders Island, November, 1912. Malurus melanotus (M. 595), Overland Corner, South Aus- tralia, December, 1913. 37 Artamus superciliosus (M. 625), Cowra, September, 1911. Artamus tenebrosus (M. 634), Hawkesbury River, October, 1912. Collyriocichla rectirostris (M. 637), Flinders Island, November, 1912. (1) Grallina picata (M. 646), Cowra, September, 1911. Pachycephala rufiventris (M. 674), Yanco, October, 1912; Eidsvold, August, 1913. {1) Aphelocephala leucopsis (M. 689), Narrabri, February, 1912; Gular, October, 1911. (1) Zosterops coerulescens (M. 712), Ourimbah, November, 1911; Flinders Island, November, 1912. Pardalotus ornatus (M. 723), Gular, October, 1911 ; Alawoona, South Australia, December, 1913. Pardalotus affins (M. 725), Flinders Island, November, 1912. Pardalotus punctatus (M. 726), Hawkesbury River, March, 1912. Pardalotus xanthopygius (M. 727), Mannum, South Austra- lia, November, 1915. (1) Melithreptus atricapillus (M. 733), Sydney, November, 1911; Hawkesbury River, June, 1912. Melithreptus brevirostris (M. 741), Hawkesbury River, June, 1912; Mannum, South Australia, November, $913. Melithreptus Re (M. 744), Flinders Island, November, 19 Ptilotis eet (M. 776), Flinders Island, November, 1912 (2). Ptilotis leucotis (M. 778), Hawkesbury River, June, 1912. Ptilotis melanops (M. 781), Hawkesbury River, June, 1912. Ptilotis ornata (M. 786), Murray River, South Australia, November, 1913; Alawoona, South Australia, December, 1913; Monarto South, South Austra- hia, July, 1914. Mecliornis sericea (M. 801), Sydney. (1,3) Myzantha garrula (M. 804), Hawkesbury River, May, 1912. (1, 2,3, 4) Oriolus sagittarius (M. 850), Eidsvold, June, 1911. Chibia bracteata (M. 854), Eidsvold, February, 1913. (4) Corvus coronoides (M. 872), Hawkesbury River, Septem- ber, 1911. Strepera, Eidsvold, September, 1913. (4) Struthidea cinerea (1. 882), Kidsvold, April, 1913 (2) (3,4) Corcorar melanorhampus (M. 883), Hawkesbury River, May, 1912. INTRODUCED Birp. Dear suratensis, Indian Dove, Sydney, December, 1911. 38 A FURTHER COMPARISON OF THE SIZES OF THE RED CELLS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN VERTEBRATES. By J. Burton CLeLtanpD, M.D., Ch.M. (Sydney). [Read April 8, 1915.] To The ELmu. (vol. xi., 1912, p.°188) Dri To Harvey Johnston and myself contributed a paper giving the measure-- ments of the red cells of a number of Australian vertebrates that had been examined by us. During the visit of the British Association for the — Advancement of Science to Sydney in August, 1914, I contri- buted a further paper, giving a summary of the results of these measurements, and of others conducted since the first paper was published. These further results, which are included in the present paper, support the contention made in the first conjoint paper, that the sizes of the red corpuscles vary considerably, not only in the classes of vertebrates, but amongst the orders, and even in some cases amongst genera, and that a comparison of the sizes one with another may be of some service in showing the relative relationships of families, and sometimes even of genera, to each other. The measurements have all been taken from blood-slides stained by the Giemsa dry method, wet fixation and staining methods being impracticable in the field. Experience seems to show clearly that the measurements thus obtained in good films are reliable. The red cells of the mammals call for no special comment.. Amongst the Aves, the emu has the largest red cells that we have so far met with, ranging from 14 to 16°5 p by 8°5 to 95 p. Then follow the Procellartiformes, Ardeiformes, Pelecaniformes, and the Anseriformes. These have measure-- ments approximating to 14 by 85 p. Coracuformes have apparently slightly smaller cells, followed by the hawks and parrots. In the pigeons and cuckoos the size approximates more to 12 to13 p by 7to 8p. The highest order of birds, the- Passeriformes, have red cells ranging from 10 to 12 p. It may be noted that in the families Dicruridae and Corvidae the size is a little greater than in the other families of this order. Amongst the reptiles, the size is usually from 15 to 20 p by 9 to 12 pw, occasionally in some skinks as small as 14 or even 12 » in length. The frogs show red cells usually of from 17 to 20 » in length. Amongst the fish, the Dipnoi, as- 39 exhibited by Ceratodus forsteri, show enormous red cells, varying from 36 to 41°5 p by 207 up. Amongst the 7'e/costom:, the red cells are much smaller, being sometimes nearly spherical, some of the latter being 7 to 8 » in diameter and in other species 12 wp. The usual size, however, of the red cells of these fishes seems to be about 10°4 to 12 by 8 to 9 np. These figures seem to indicate that with later specializa- tion has eventually come, both in fishes and birds, a diminution in size of the red cells. The cumbersome corpuscles of (eratodus have doubtless played a part in the gradual extinc- tion of the Dipnoan fishes. The relationships of the various classes to each other is clearly shown in the size of the red cells. The red cells of the Elasmobranchs approximate more in size to those of Batrachians and Reptiles than do the red corpuscles of Teleostean fishes, which latter do not link on to any of the higher vertebrate stems. The enormous red cells of the Dipnoi approach those of such Amphibians of the order Urodela as Proteus (said to be 58 x 35 p) and Amphiuma {given as 77 x 46 »). In the frogs and reptiles the size has diminished somewhat, whilst in the birds, the ‘‘oldest’’ forms show distinctly a tendency to larger cells than the more specialised ones, the smallest being met with in some families of Passerine birds. The results of the measurements of the red cells of a large number of Australian birds seem to indicate that such may be of some help in ascertaining the broader relationships of some aberrant species. ‘TABLE OF THE SIZES OF THE RED CORPUSCLES OF VARIOUS AUSTRALIAN VERTEBRATES. (The sizes given are in micromillimetres (1/1000th of a millimetre). The first figures given indicate the length and breadth of the cells, the second the same dimensions of the nucleus, if present.) ‘ MAMMALIA. Order CHIROPTERA. Pteropus gouldi (Gould’s fly- ing fox) . a2 ta 7 Chalinolobus gouldi (Gould’s bat) [ ?] - .5°5 to 6°5 Subclass METATHERIA. Suborder D1proTopONTIA. Macropus ualabatus (black- tailed wallaby) ten Subclass ProtrorHertA. Echidna aculeata ... ... ... 66to7 68 40 AVES. Order CASUARIIFORMES. Dromiceius novae-hollandiae Rao ree VE REC ae Bae 1858510 88 ... 14 to 15°5x8'5 to 93” 14 to 16°5 x 8°5 Order CoLuMBIFORMES. Chrysauchoena humeralis (barred-shouldered dove) ... Chalcophaps chrysochlora (green pigeon) . yy: Phaps estat AR ar _(bronze- winged pigeon) . ! 12h 7 12 to 12°2 x 6°9 , Laer Order PROCELLARIIFORMES. Neonectris tenuirostris (mut- : . 13°8x7'8 to8 Om VIE). n.5, ieee hae Diomedea exulans (wander- ing albatross) Mxss Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Timnocinclus acuminatus (sharp-tailed stint) 0 U2 te 124 7-2 Order “ARDEIFORMES. Myola pacifica (? Notophoyzr novae-hollandiae) (heron) 14x8 Order ANSERIFORMES. Chenopsis atrata (black swan) 138°9x7°2 Order PELECANIFORMES. Phalacrocoraz, sp. (cormorant) 14 to 15°8 x 87 to 9 Order ACCIPITRIFORMES. Uroaetus audazx (wedge-tailed Gales fe em \ved eae ne 12°5 to 13°5 x 8°5. Faleo — longipennis ‘(little falcon) 13 to 13°85 x7 to IA 3 gs Jere Hawk, Fidsvold, Queensland 12°2 to 12°8 x7 to a 12°2 to 12°8 x7 to eer ee strenua Mee ee ful owl) . as . 10°2 to 42x 72408 Large Owl Order PsiTTACIFORMES. Glossopsitta ... ; eae Alisterus cyanopygius “(king parrot): 12 to 12° 4x7°2 Barnardius barnardi (mallee parrot) Penne Gh) ase . 13°9x7°5 to 85 Order CorAcIIFORMES. Eurostopodus argus Pe ah nightjar) . 13°8 to 14x 7°8 to 85 ‘6 t to 16°4 x 8°7 to 9°5 a3) : " 13°8 to 15°5x7°8 to 8°6~ 55x18 .oexe ». S2toC8x?Z 4e OS Dae Mie a 5 ay 4 U6 . PIRGTOZS lx te2-h vty ed ,. Sto FxZ . ree nee tee 2. FORRS ae 4] Order CoccyGEs. Cacomantis rubricatus (fan- fem enekoo). ... «.. ««. 121+012°4x7'2 to8 Scythrops novae - hollandiae fonemmen pill) = ... «v.02. 192to138x7? Order PASSERIFORMES. Family Muscicarrpak. Microeca oo s (brown flycatcher) .. 10°4 to 11°2 x 6°5 to 6°8 Belchera rosea (r ose- e-breasted robin) .. .. 10°5 to 11°8 x 5°5 to 6°5 Smicrornis brevirostris (short- billed tree-tit) ... ... . 10°4-to 17-2 «6 Lewinornis rufiventris (rufous-breasted thick head) 10 to 10°5 x 5°2 to 5°8 Family TIMELIIDAE. Cinclosoma castanotum aes nut-backed ground bird) ... 10°8 to 11°8x6 to 68 Drymodes brunneopygia (scrub robin) Pe Twin tO) bo, LE 2 X6'°S Family TurpIDAE. Parephthianura tricolor (tri- Gee cnaay .... .. ... 87 to lO5x62to67 Family Syivirpak. Origma solitaria (rock warbler) 11°8 x 6°9 Acanthiza pusilla (brown- rumped tit) ot, 10°5 x 6°5 to 7 Acanthiza uropygialis (chest- nut-rumped tit) . Mas 10°5 to 11°5 x 6°7 Malurus cyaneus (blue w ren) 10°4 to 11x6°8 Malurus melanotus (hieek- backed wren) _... } . 95 to 10°3 x 5°8 Family PRIoNOPIDAE. Oollurieincla harmonica (grey Seeinetntush) . .... ... 1l°2to12x6°7 Family Paripae. Aphelocephala leucopsis (wemermeey—...- ... ... .-. LVZtol2xd52t055 Family Dicaripae. Pardalotus aaa ‘bela pardalote) ... 3 . 10°4 to 10°8 x 6°2 to 6°9 Pinciy MELIPHAGIDAE. Melithr eptus atricapillus (brown-headed honey-eater) 10°5 to 11°2 x58 to 6°8 Melithreptus affinis (black- headed honey-eater) 1 10440 12x55 Nesoptilotis flavicollis (yellow- throated honey-eater) , 10540 11x65 10°4 to 11 x6 tp Aad as ob pgs) Ls ie te. erly Oe Sere ate) bord , 43x%2 Leama 4s a . FDO BW pear! ae ere eee aro eS i oe TS uae Re 248 %2 ex? 52x 2 a Aly GOR! : 52x . 2x2 1 3x2 Leo 2 42 Meliornis niger (white-cheeked honey-eater) 3 ee LU 4 tO 10' BX OS tor Myzantha melanoc -ephola (black-headed minah) 104 to 1V°3 x5 bt0 6's faintly FRINGILLIDAE. (house re . 10°4 to 11 x52 to7 Family DicruripAg. Dicruropsis bracteatus a. (spangled drongo) 3 LP §O a 25 xX 7 Family CorvibDAar. Passer domesticus sparrow) ie Sruthidea cinerea (eres ey 12°2x 7 jumper) on SPRY REPTILIA. Order OpHiptia. Family CoLuBrinae. - 173tol9x10°4 ... --. 15°6 to 17°3.x 12°2 . 19 to 20°75 x 11°4 Order CHELONIA. Pseudechis australis (?) Denisonia olivacea re Small Snake, Eidsvold Emydura — kreffti (Kr efft’s tortoise) 17°3 x 11°8 to 13°8 Elseya dentata “(nor ‘thern tortoise) ae . 17°3 to 20°5 x 10°4 to 12 Order LACTERTILIA. Family GECKONIDAE. . 15°8 to 19°8 x 11°25 to 12 Family AGAMIDAE. Physignathus lesueurii (east- Gehyra variegata ern water dragon) . 15°7 to 19x9 to 103 .. Family VARANIDAE. Varanus punctatus, var. orientalis Hs . 15°5 to 17°5 x 9°5 to 12 Family Scrncrpae. Trachysaurus rugosus eres tailed lizard) : 17 to 19 x 10°4 Tiliqua scincoides (blue. tongued lizard) ae 15°6'to 17°3 X10°5 Tiliqua nigrolutea » 16°35 to 17x 10-4 17°3 to 19 x 8°5 to 10° 4 Lygosoma (LIiolepisma ) 14 to 15°5 x 8°75). Le entrecasteauxi » 14°7 to 153) x8) Lygosoma (Liolepisma) — hmilineatum <0 we 2 . 14t0 155 x85 Ablepharus, sp. . 12t0 18°8x7°2 Skink, Sydney, April, 1913 14to lS5x8 6t094 Skink, Sydney, January, 1914 15°35 to 16°5 x 8°5 to 8°8 . 17°5 to 20°75 X40 25 tolss » Be , Foe , 535x225 . 3°5 (spher.) . 68x42 ep ae a. Ste TX ars . 43t0 53x35 t CHONNER OYATEP AAI bo bo bo bt bd xX po XK K XK 43 AMPHIBIA. tasmanien- ... 15°6 to 19°7 x 10°4 to 12 ... 19 to 20°75 x 12 to 12°5 Limnodynastes sis(P).. : Limnodynastes dorsalis _ 17°3 to 19°2x12°2 to138 ... tee tO as <i S to 12 (sometimes smaller) 3... 19°83 t0.20°S%12 Bi 2. 19 tomrecia 75 19 to 20°7 x 13°75 Tey Gin Geeta ee. ih. hk wl to 20:75 x13'8 to 155 Limnodynastes peronii Phractops australis Hyla coerulea Hyla ewingui Hyla aurea FISH. Dipnot. Ceratodus forsteri / S6t641°5x 20-7 TELEOSTOMI. Anguilla reinhardtii (eel) ... 10°4to12x9°5_ ... 10°4 to 12x 8 to 8°5 Copidoglanis tandanus (cat- fish) 2 13°5 to 13°8 x 10°3 Konosirus erebi (bony bream) 10°4x7 3 Trachystoma petardi (fresh- water mullet) Be. OGD 10°4 x7 Mionurus = gilli (Krefft’s perchlet) aa . 12 (nearly spherical) Notesthes robusta (bullrout) we 10°4-x 8-2 POA GAN 10° Ax7 (to 8°5 10°4 x 85 Therapion unicolor Le Therapion percoides (grunter) < 8 to 8 6x6 Ororvoror orX wor Nrororgrsy , to 7°7 (nearly spherical) 44 CIRCUM-ELONGATION OBSERVATIONS FOR AZIMUTH. By R. W. Cuapman, M.A., B.C.E. [Read April 8, 1915.] On account of its convenience and comparative simplicity, the observation of a circumpolar star at elongation is, amongst surveyors, the favourite star observation for the determina- tion of a true azimuth. The great disadvantage of the method is that only one observation can be made with the star actually at elongation, and there is thus no opportunity to eliminate instrumental errors in the same way as may be done, when a _ series of observations of the same star are made, by taking half the readings with the instrument reversed. As a rule the motion of the star in azimuth is so slow, when near to elongation, that with an ordinary transit theodolite two observations can be made and treated as though the star were actually at elongation without introducing an error sufficient to be measured by the instrument. Buta much higher degree of accuracy is possible with the method if a series of half a dozen observations are made on each side of elongation, and the object of the present paper is to discuss the convenient reduction of such a series of observations. For the reduction of a similar set of observations made upon a close circumpolar star there is a well-known method that is particularly applic- able to the Pole star of the Northern Hemisphere. Unfor- tunately in the Southern Hemisphere our close circumpolar stars are very faint and not easy to work with. o Octantis hasa polar distance between 46’ and 47’, but its magnitude is 54, so that it is not readily picked out by the surveyor. The bright southern stars that are most convenient for the determination have commonly a polar distance of about 30°, and to these the formula for close circumpolar stars cannot always be applied without introducing appreciable error. Two methods are possible for a series of observations made before and after elongation. We may read the verniers. of the horizontal circle and note the time at each observation, or we may read the horizontal circle and also the altitude of the star at each observation. The former method is prefer- able, provided that the surveyor has the correct local time, as errors due to a defective knowledge of atmospheric refraction are not then introduced. The latter method, however, involves no knowledge of the time, and is much more con- venient when the observations have to be carried out single- handed. In both cases the azimuth of the star at each 45 observation is corrected by the appropriate formula to give the azimuth of the star at elongation, so that practically we obtain a series of observations at elongation instead of only one. NoratTIon. The following abbreviations will be used throughout :— z denotes the zenith distance of the star in any position. Pp x. ,, polar distance of the star. A Pe ,, horizontal angle between star and pole. l i ,, latitude of place of observation. c ,, co-latitude of place of observation. h », hour angle of the star in angular measure, t a ,, value of hour angle expressed in sidereal time. Z,, Ay, A,, and ¢, denote the values of z, A, h, and ¢ respectively when the star is at elongation. First MetHop, HorizontraL ANGLE AND TIME BEING NOTED AT EACH OBSERVATION. In the spherical triangle having the star, the celestial pole, and the zenith as its angular points, we have the follow- ing fundamental relations :— eos A sin 2+cos psinc—coscsinpcosh ... oot sin A sin z=sin p sinh. Ee and from the corresponding richt- -angled triangle ae the star is at elongation sin p cos p cosh, 111 ee = —__ Me ald G3) sin ¢ COS ¢ cos A,=cos p sin h, oy bis he aie (4) (1) x (3) — (2) x (4) gives sin z sin (A,—A)=cos psin p 2 sin? 4 (h,—h) (5) This is an exact equation, but is unsuitable as it stands for use in reduction cf observations. sin p sin A Putting Bs , (5) may be written sin z sin h sin (4,—A) 2 sin? $ (h,—h) sin 4 sin h 2 sin? $ (h, —h) or, writing y = cos p sin h sin A, cot A—cos A,= A, is constant, ae therefore A 2h be regarded as a function of y. 46 Differentiating, we have 1 dA —sin A, hat Of sin?A dy d? A d A and—sin A, = 2 sin A cos A dy? dy Therefore, when y=0 aA d? A —— = — sin A, and ==! em 2 Ag dy dy? and consequently, by Taylor’s Theorem cos p 2 sin? 4 (h,—h) cos? p2sin*4(h,—h) A=A,—sin A,——— $ sin 2 A, sin h sin 1” sin? h sin 1” provided that A,—A is measured in seconds of arc. This is a convenient converging series for the determination of the difference between A and A,, in which the terms diminish so rapidy that in all ordinary work it is not neces- sary to take into account any term except the first. Thus, if the observations are made at a place in latitude 30°, on a star with a polar distance of 30°, and are continued for fifteen minutes of time on each side of elongation, the extreme value of h—h,=3° 45’. The corresponding value of the first term in the series then works out at 229", or 3’ 49”, and that of the second term at less than 4”. If ¢—¢,=350 minutes, or h—h,=T7° 30’, then under the same conditions the first term=902" and the second term only 53”. With the same polar distance and in the same latitude, the limiting value for ¢—?#,, in order that the second term may not be greater than 1", is about 19 minutes. On repeating the calculations for a place in latitude 20°, and again for a place in lati- tude 40°, it is found that in neither case does the limiting value of t—¢, differ by more than a minute from the value previously found if the second term in the series is to be less than 1”. It thus appears that, even if the mathematical reduction of each single observation is to be correct within 1” of are, it is sufficient to use only the first term of the series if the observations extend over a period of about 19 minutes on each side of the elongation. The average of the whole series may be correct within this limit, even if the time extends over a considerably longer period, because the error in reduc- tion will exceed 1” only in the case of the extreme observations. 47 A further considerable simplification would be made in the reduction if it were possible to treat the denominator as constant and write sin /, instead of sin h. With any single observation the error made, if this is done, may be considerable. For instance, at a place in latitude 30°, if p=30°, for an observation made 15 minutes before elongation, the difference made in the value of the second term, when sin h, is written in the denominator instead of sin fA, is about 5”, whilst for an observation made 30 minutes before elongation the difference is about 35”. But, if we have a series of fairly well-balanced observations made both before and after elongation, the values of # range fairly evenly on each side of h,, and on averaging up the set there will be very little difference whether we use / or h,, the difference being generally of the order of 1”. So that in such a case it is usually quite suffi- cient for the surveyor to use /, instead of h. We may then make a further slight simplification by putting sin A, cos p ; = 7 ae es AL COSs-. 2 sin h, PRACTICAL COMPUTATION. We therefore conclude that, for the ordinary work of the surveyor, a series of well-balanced observations extending to about half an hour on each side of elongation on any circum- polar star may be reduced to a series of observations at elongation hy the formula 2 sin? $ (h,—h) A,—A=tan A, cos*? p ——_____ S247 66) sine Le in which A,—A is given in seconds of arc. If, however, only one or two observations are to be reduced, as may be the case if the star at elongation has been obscured by clouds, or the observations are badly balanced and have been made mostly on one side of elongation, or if the greatest possible degree of accuracy is required in the computations, the formula used should be cos p 2 sin? 4 (h,—h) A,—A=sin A, ie i @etal) sin A sin 1” This form may be obtained directly from (5) by considering A,—A as a small angle so that the sine may be written equal to its circular measure. 48 Tf it is required to make the computation within 1” then, for observations more than 18 minutes from elongation, the value of 4,—A given by formula (7) should be corrected by being decreased by the amount cos? p 2 sin* 3 (h, —h) sin 2 A, -————______ m- ree sin? A sin 1” .2 sin? 4 (h, —h) As the expression -—-----————_ has to be evaluated in sin 1” the reduction of circum-meridian observations for latitude, tables of the values of the expression and its logarithm have been prepared, and are available in Chauvenet’s Astronomy, Close’s Trigonometrical Surveying, and other works. Similar 2 sint $ (h, —h) tables for ——————————- are also available. The computa- sin |" tion by any one of these formulae is much facilitated by the use of these tables. Five-figure logs. are sufficient. 2 sin? 4 (h, —h) Writing tan A, cos? p=B, m = —————_,, sin 1” (6) becomes A,—A=B8 m, where B is a constant. Thus for each observation we get A,=A+8 m, and, averaging the whole series, . mean value of 4, =mean value of A + B x mean value of m. Therefore, mean angle between R.M. and star at elongation = mean observed angle between R.M. and star + 6 x mean value of m. EXAMPLE. In the following example the method is applied to the reduction of a series of observations taken by Mr. Calder, surveyor, upon Canopus near elongation :— Star observed—Canopus. Place—Rendelsham. Right Ascension—6h. 22m. 06s. Latitude—37° 32' 40" S. Declination—52° 38' 43" 8. Longitude—9h. 20m. 40s. E. Date—December 9, 1914. Standard Meridian—9h. 30m. E. 49 CoMPUTED VALUES. Standard time at elongation—9h. 45m. 32s. p.m. A,=49° 55’ 44" hy = 54° 04" 50" Interval of Geerea | Mean Vernier Standard Time pe Pane ponding Face. Object. Readings on OF Observa- | . terval Horizontal Circle. Observation. Modand | \tn Sidereal Elongation. Teen | | | | +e iy , Hui MALS Se bien). Si} Is. iS R R.M. | 360 | | R Star 83 | 16 | 00 eis |. 441 2 | 487% 12 | 50 L Star Se reo | 15 w eae ar } Woo: | LO Se L R.M. 360 eee | es) 13) 45) 9°)'38 | 25 | 7 | 07 7 | 08 R Star 83 | 13 |; 00 +o 0 a F5 oy ee LS R | BM. 360 eee | R | Star Boer 82.115 9 | 43 | 05 PN SAT Di QE L.::| | Star 83.) 12 | 45 Go |: 450) bs P| ‘| 21 L | RM. 360 | | ki | Star 83 | 12 | 15 9 | 48 | 40 3 | 08 3 | 09 B | Star g8} 13/15] 9] 50155! 5|23) 5 | 24 R R.M. | 360 | R Star | 83 | 16 | 45 | 9 | 5a.) Ee | 22) 45, | 12 | -4% L tar S18 tool tO | OF! OO.) .35 |: 28.1 15 |.38] S| ew) | 360 | | | Mean observed angle between star and R.M., 83° 14’ 21". Solving by means of (6), we obtain from the tables :— t,t m m 8 N H2° 50 323°3 LO} D7 : 235°4 (4,08 oo°9 5 18 BD’ 1 ok 118 21 : 0°2 3 609 : 19°5 5 24 572 12, At : 320°8 wa. dt 472°6 10 ) 1595°38 | Mean value of m 159°6 log tan A, = 10°07509 log’ cos” p= 9°30062 bee 7159" 6* 2029112520303 log 120 Soe) eh BTA Seiya ky | 2! 50 ,mean value of angle between R.M. and star at elongation = 837° 14! 3)" —2” 0° =83° 12"'21" The computation by means of the more accurate formula (7) is rather longer. In this case we write 2 sin? 4 (h, —h) B = sin A, cos p and m =————————_ sin f sin 1” and work on the same lines as before. To illustrate the method the computation in this case is also worked out as follows :— | | eae tot h,—-h h eee | log sin h enesuf tro m sin | preceding | ae 74 columns. | | | ! no} | ! | ” | Ns it . eae } 12|50/3|12|30157|17 20} 12:50960 | 9°92501 | 2°58459 | 384-2 10 | 57 | 2 | 44 | 15 | 56 | 49 | 05 12°37178 9°92269 2°44909 | 281°5 7| 08/1/47 | 00 | 55 | 51 | 50 11°99958 9°91788 | 2°08170 | - 120°7 5|18!1/19| 30| 55 | 24 | 20 11°74157 9°91550 | 1°82607 | 67°0 9197| |36|45154141/35| 11-07136 (991173 | 1115963 | 14-4 21 515/54 10/05 9°38117 990888 | 1°47229 0°3 8|09;} |47| 15) 53) 17; 35 11°28965 9°90401 1°38564 24:3 5 | 24111 21 | 00 | 52 | 43) 50 11°75780 §°90080 | 1°85700 | 71°9 12 | 47 | 3| 11|.45 | 50 53 | 05 | 12°50621 9°88979 2°61642 | 413°4 15 | 31:| 3 | 52 | 45 | 50 | 12] ve 12°67446 9°88553 | 2°78893 | 615°1 10) 1992'8 Mean value of m 199 log cos p = 9°90031 log sin A, = 988380 log 199 = 2729885 log 121 = 2708296 * B m= D1 2 ee *.mean value of angle between R.M. and star at elongation 83° 14’ 21"=—2' O01 =83" a2 ae The difference between the results of the two calculations is so small that clearly the more simple approximate method is quite sufficient for the surveyor. If the computation be made for the last four observations only, the difference between the results of the two methods amounts to 8”, and for the last observation alone the difference is 19”. For the surveyor it is only necessary to use the more accurate method of calcu- lation for unbalanced observations at a considerable time from elongation. 51 THe EFFECT OF AN ERROR IN THE TIME. In the final reduction of the results we sum up a number of terms of the form (6), and since h,—/ is a small angle we may practically take each term to be of the form k x’, where k is a constant and « is the difference in time between elonga- tion and the observation. Taking the mean of a number of evenly distributed terms of this form is equivalent to finding the mean value of the ordinate to the curve y=/ «?. The observations may thus be represented by a parabolic curve as in the figure, the ordinate ? V at any point representing the correction 4,—A corresponding to an observation made at a time from elongation represented by O V. y AA, O NO eee It the observations extend evenly over a time, a, on each side of elongation (from A to 4), the mean value of the ordinate y is 1 -+¢ ka? a | /; r d 2) eS 5 SS PRET =e 3 If, however, there is an error, 7, in the time, the obser- vations will really extend from 4A, to /, (from a—b on one side to a+ on the other), and the computed mean value of the ordinate will be 1 a+b 3 Babes a2 1 aetna - Je. Qa hgh 3 The error in the computed azimuth will thus be & 6?, ‘varying as the square of the error in time. 52 We have already computed that in latitude 30°, with a star having a polar distance of 30°, the value of k b?=3' 49", if b=15 min. Therefore, if under these conditions of obser- vation the error amounts to 1’, the value of b= vet x15=76 min. If the error=1", the value of b= x15=1 min. It thus appears that, provided the observations extend evenly over an equal time on each side of elongation, there is no need for the surveyor to know the local time with great precision, an error of 1 minute in the time producing an error of only about 1” in the azimuth. But if the observations do not extend on each side of elongation the case is different, and a more accurate know- ledge of the time is essential. Suppose, for instance, that the observations are all on one side of elongation, extending from ~ o to a, the mean value of the ordinate to the curve is then ie a? ee }: 4? das he ye A. as a O If, however, there is an error. }), in the time, the com- putation will extend from } to a+6, and the computed mean value of the ordinate is 1 a+b a2 —|i vdx=k(-—+ab-+ 6?) a-, 3 The error here amounts to k b (a+). If 6 is 1 min. and a is 15 min., the error=16 & and under the same circumstances as before will=16", being 16 times as great as when the observations extend for 15 min. on each side of elongation. Where an accurate determination is sought, the investi- gation shows the desirableness of obtaining a series of observations distributed as evenly as possible on each side of elongation. SeconpD METHOD, HorizontaL ANGLE AND ALTITUDE BEING NOTED AT EACH OBSERVATION. With the same notation as before, the star being in any position, we have COS P=cOS ¢ cos 2+. sin c sin z cos A Writing =z—z,, this becomes cos P=COSs ¢ cos (2,+ )+8in c sin (z,+ 2) cos A p, c, and z, being constants, this equation gives A as an implicit function of az. 53 Differentiating the equation three times in succession, the work being rather long but quite straightforward, we find that when x=0 ad A —— = 0 ad x ad” A cot p CO Sin. 2: eg a 3 cot p COs Zz, a. z° sim 2 0 Therefore by Taylor’s Theorem cot p (z—2z,)’ cot pcosz, (z—2z,)° - sin 1” + —W—— M2, (|, 2 sin? z, 2 A= A= sin? Ais .(9) provided that A,—A and z—z, are expressed in seconds of arc. To get some idea of the relative values of the terms in this series, we find, if the star observed has a polar distance of 30° and the latitude is also 30°, then z,=54° 44’ 09”, and if z—z,=1°, the second term works out at 66” and the last term to 0°8”. If z=z,=2° the values become 264” and 6" respectively. The last term in (9) is equal to cos” p cos ¢ (z—2z,)° —-———____—___—— x sin? E! sin p (cos? p—cos? ¢c) 2 and has therefore an infinite value if p=c, in which case the star passes through the zenith. This is clearly of no practical importance. The following are the values of the last terms in different latitudes for a star 30° distant from the celestial pole, if 2—2z,=1°:— Latitude. Value of last term in (9). 0° aie Sate ren ‘* ei ee eer wei beh ztriit T, 30° Pi ae ods es 0°8” 20° Je awa ay me 0°4” 10° hs ee ce af Or2! 0° Sy cy If z—z,=2° the preceding values should be multiplied by 8. 54 It follows, therefore, that for the ordinary work of the ‘surveyor the correction involved in the last term of the series is quite negligible for observations extending over a range of altitude of 2°, or 1° on each side of elongation, provided that the star does not pass within 10° of the zenith. At places near the equator the observations may clearly extend over a very much greater range of altitude with the same degree of precision. To determine over what range of time the observations may extend, we find on differentiating the equation cos 2=cos ¢ cos p+sin ¢ sin p cos h az sin ¢ sin p sin h that eS | = sin p for a star at elonga- dh sin 2 taon.. This=%, ut poe Thus the rate of change of altitude at elongation does not depend on the latitude, but simply on the polar distance of the star, and for a star distant 30° from the pole we have ah=2dz Therefore, -if. d.z=1°,.d. h=120" of iare, .or 8) mimutesson time, the altitude of the star near elongation thus changes by 1° in about 8 minutes. For stars closer to the Pole the ‘time taken for the same change of altitude will be greater. PRACTICAL COMPUTATION. We conclude that for a set of observations extending over a range of altitude of about 2°, or 1° on each side of elonga- tion, occupying, in the case of a star with a polar distance of 30°, about 16 minutes of time, it is amply sufficient to use the formula cot p (z—z,)? A,-A= Sim ay Bee Ne Ni Simi, 2 It should be noticed that the error made by the use of this formula in the final reduction of a set of observations will be very much less than the error made in the reduction of the single observation furthest from elongation. We have based the stated limitations upon the error made in the reduc- tion of the single observation, so that for a complete set of observations the time occupied may be extended somewhat beyond the limits given above. In low latitudes the observa- tions may extend over a greater range than in high latitudes. In latitude 10°, for instance, the observations may extend over half an hour, and formula (10) will still give the average result of the set of readings correct within less than 1”. 55 If the range of altitude is too great, or it is desirable to compute 4,—4A with the greatest precision possible, then this value must be reduced if z>z,, or increased if z<z,, by the amount cot pcosz, (z—2,)° sit 1; be. sera ¢ 2) a 2 The computation by means of (10) is somewhat facilitated by making use of the same tables for cireum-meridian calcula- tions as have been shown to be suitable for the reduction by the first method. For since z—z, is a small angle, we have, within the degree of accuracy to which the tables are computed, (z—2z,)? 2 sin? 4 (z—2,) sm 10. c= 2 PON sin 1” Ge 0 2 sin 1” and consequently we can take the value of straight from the tables. Then, writing cot p (z—z,)? B= ee sin Z, 2 Sim ih” we get for each observation, just as in the previous method, A,=AtBm or, angle between R.M. and star at elongation, = observed angle between R.M. and star + B m. Since B is a constant, we therefore get, on averaging the whole set of observations :— Mean angle between R.M. and star at elongation = mean observed angle between R.M. and star + B x mean value of m. Whether the + or — sign is to be used depends upon the position of the R.M. and upon which angle between the star and R.M. is measured. It will be obvious in any par- ticular case which sign should be taken. If the tables for m are not available, then it is better to write ; cot p sin 1” bs at =—(2—2,)? sin Z, 2 and proceed as before, this time computing m for each observation. The use of the tables does not thus really make very much difference. 56 A defective knowledge of refraction does not seriously affect the accuracy of the work. For even if the altitude is in error by 15", the resulting error in azimuth is only about three-quarters of a second of arc. The following example illustrates the method of reduc- tion. It will be seen that the calculations are simple, and the method is undoubtedly capable of much greater accuracy than the ordinary methods of making elongation observa- tions : — Star observed—a’ Crucis. Right Ascenston—12h. 21m. 54s. Declination—62° 37' 47" 8. Date—March 5, 1915. Place—Burnside. Latitude—34° 55’ 38" S. Longitude—9h. 14m. 36s. E. Standard Meridian—9h. 30m. E. CoMPUTED VALUES. Standard time at elongation—9h. 13m. 18s. p.m. A Pe 067 25" Z9= = 49° 51" 29" | ilies we | M Vv jer — (Ob a S| onject. Readings on Chenin Yenith | ged z }. Bagiegatel. | iitmnse lg Doane | | Refraction. | H | a PT ta Bie [e) | ! YW (e} | ! " ° ! nN / | " | R R.M. 360 | | | R | Star 76 | 56 | 30 | 50 | 53 | 00 | 50 | 54 | 10 | 62| 48} 34°36 R | Star 76 | 55 | 80 | 50 | 26 | 60 | 50 | 27 | 09 | 35 | 47] 11°15 R ; Star 76 | 55 | OO | 49 | 57] 15 | 49 | 58 | 23) 7 | 01 | 0°43 L Star 76 | 55 | 15 | 49 | 36 | 00 | 49 | 37 | 07 | 14 | 15 ETF L Star 76 | 55 | 45 | 49 | 13: | 45 | 49 | 14 | 51 | 36 | 31 | 11°63 bg Star 76 | 57 | 00.| 48 | 38 | 30 | 48 | 39 | 34| 71 | 48] 44°92 ei BEAL: 360 | | | | | | 6 ) 104°26 Mean value of m _... 17°38 Mean observed angle between star and R.M.=76° 55’ 50” cot p tan 62°°3% 44 B= = S= — = 2527 sin Z, sin 49°51’ 22” Therefore mean value of angle between R.M. and star at ‘elongation = 76° 35 50” —F527 «x FSS" = 76° 5b’. 50” — 44" =76>Vep 106" D7 NOTES ON THE AMYCTERIDES IN THE SOUTH AuUS- TRALIAN MUSEUM, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.— Part II. By Eustace W. Fercuson, M.B., Ch.M. [Read April 8, 1915.] In the present part the remaining genera of the sub- family are dealt with. These comprise chiefly Acantholophus, Cubicorrhynchus, and the genera of the Huomides. Twenty species and two genera are proposed as new; the new species belong to the following genera: Acantholophus (6), Cubico- rrhynchus (6), Molochtus (1), Acherres (3), Melanegis (1), Amorphorrhinus (1), Brachymycterus (1), and Cucullo- thorax (1). The two new genera are: Brachymycterus and Cucullothorax. In addition to the species con- tained in the accompanying list, there were a number of female specimens of Cubicorrhynchus which it was impossible to identify; these were not listed, though some may be possibly new. It was also found impos- sible to absolutely identify a number of species belonging to the Huomid genera, in particular to Lialeptopus and Tetra- lophus. Many of these species are so poorly described that comparison with the types, mostly in the British Museum, will be necessary to fix the species. A number of specimens sent belong to species and genera already dealt with in the first part of this paper. A separate lst of these has been given, for the sake of recording their localities. 130. Acantholophus gladiator, Pasc., ¢.—Western Aus- tralia: Mullewa (J. F. May). 131. Acantholophus apicalis, Macl.—South Australia: Mount Lofty (S. H. Curnow). Several specimens of both sexes, mostly without exact locality label. 132. Acantholophus dwmosus, Bohem.—Western Australia: Swan River, York. Some of the specimens differ from the usual form in having small but acute sub- apical spines on the elytra. Specimens from Black- burn’s collection also differ in having the external rostral margin acutely raised in front. 133. Acantholophus dumosus, Bohem., var. brevicornis,. Ferg.—A single female labelled “South Australia.’” 134. Acantholophus transitus, Macl.—Western Australia: Capel River (W. D. Dodd). 135. Acantholophus browni, n. sp. 136. AST: 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. Lee 58 Acantholophus amycteroides, Macl.—One female labelled ‘‘Ardrossan.’’ One female was labelled “North-west South Australia, Wells Expedition, 1903. H. Basedow.”’ Acantholophus niveovittatus, Blackb.—Western Aus- tralia: Cue, Mullewa, Southern Cross. Acantholophus franklinensis, Blackb. (?)—South Aus-: tralia: Yeelanna. Several specimens which I doubt- fully identify as this species, partly because they come from fairly close to the type-locality. Acantholophus hypoleucus, Bohem. Western Austra- lia: York, Fremantle. Acantholophus humeralis, Macl.—Western Australia: Ankertell (H. W. Brown). Acantholophus spinosus, Macl.—Western Australia: Warren River, York. Acantholophus suturalis, Bohem.—Western Australia: Darling Ranges, Bunbury. <A_ female labelled “North-west South Australia, Wells Expedition, 1903. H. Basedow.” Specimens from Blackburn’s collection, labelled “A. lateralis, Bohem.,’’ appear to belong to this species; probably the names will prove to be synonymous. A. spinosus seems little more than a variety. Acantholophus kreffti, Macl.—Queensland: Charters Towers. Acantholophus tennantensis, n. sp. Acantholophus tribulus, Macl.—South Australia: Yeelanna, Port Lincoln. Acantholophus simulator, n. sp. Acantholophus adelaidae, Waterh.—South Australia: Adelaide, Mount Lofty, Wilmington, Kangaroo Island. . Acantholophus, sp. (?)—A female from Nairne differs in being decidedly larger than typical specimens ; it is possibly distinct. . Acantholophus .halmaturinus, n. sp. . Acantholophus gravicollis, Macl.—South Australia: Port Lincoln, Yeelanna, Pinnaroo. . Acantholophus tasmamensis, Lea.—Tasmania: Hobart. . Acantholophus marsham, Kirby.—New South Wales: Sydney. . Acantholophus mucronatus, Macl.—New South Wales: Blue Mountains. . Acantholophus spinifer, Macl.—Victoria: Tallarook. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. ivi. 172. 173. 174. 59 Acantholophus, sp (?)—New South Wales: Yass. Several specimens of a species allied to A. spinifer,. but probably distinct. Acantholophus echidna, Macl.—New South Wales: Blue Mountains (Blackburn). Acantholophus alpicola, n. sp. Acantholophus squalidus, Macl.—No locality. ‘Acantholophus aureolus, Bohem.—Western Australia. This species is almost certainly A. echinatus, Guer. Acantholophus crenaticollis, Macl.—South Australia: Port Lincoln, Ardrossan. Acantholophus denticollis, Macl.—-New South Wales: Blue Mountains, Sydney. Acantholophus planicollis, Waterh.—South Australia: Adelaide, Mount Lofty, Kangarilla, Victor Har- bour, Wilmington. | Acantholophus foveirostris, Lea.—South Australia: Kangaroo Island. Acantholophus squamosus, Macl.—Victoria. Acantholophus scaphirostris, n. sp. Acantholophus blackburn, nom. nov. = A. simplex, Blackb.—A new name is necessary, as Blackburn’s name is preoccupied by A. simpler, Pasc. The specimen in the collection is labelled “Q type.”’ Acantholophus granulatus, Sloane (type).—Central Australia: Barrow Range(d); Everard Range (9 ). Cubicorrhynchus (2) maximus, Macl.—Western Aus- tralia: Beverley, Cue, Kalgoorlie. The position of this species is open to considerable question ; to my mind it is certainly congeneric with Acantholophus granulatus, Sloane, and A. blackburm (= A. simplex, Blackb.). The position of these two species in Acantholophus is, however, open to doubt. Hyborrhynchus bicornutus, Macl.—South Australia: Port Lincoln, Kangaroo Island. Hyborrhynchus maculatus, Macl.—Western Australia. Hyborrhynchus, sp (?)—Western Australia: Capel River (Dodd). A single female apparently belong- ing to an undescribed species. Hyborrhynchus (%) rugosus, Macl.—Western Aus- tralia. Acantholophus (1%) converiusculus, Macl.—South Aus- tralia: Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln; Victoria. A new genus is required for the reception of this species, which Macleay put both in Acantholophus and Hyborrhynchus (H. masters: ). Molochtus hercules, n. sp. 175. 176. G7. LS. 179. 180. 181. 182. . 183. 60 Molochtus tibialis, Sloane.—Central Australia (Elder Exped., co-type): Idracowra Spring; North-west . South Australia (Wells Exped.); South Australia: Murat Bay. Specimens from Cue, Western Australia, (Horace Brown), differ from typical specimens in their rather rougher elytral sculpture. This, how- ever, appears to be a variable character, as some of the Elder Exped. specimens are rougher than others. Molochtus gagates, Pase.—Western Australia: Mul- lewa. This is the species usually identified in Aus- tralian collections as M/. gagutes. I believe, correctly so; at the same time, Pascoe’s description and figure would fit almost equally well some females of J. tibialis, Sloane. If this identification be correct, M. gagates is certainly specifically distinct from JZ. tibialis. Cubicorrhynchus dohrni, Waterh.—Western Austra- ha: Perth. Specimens from Beverley, Western Australia, differ somewhat from the Perth specimens in the elytral tubercles. I do not think they are really distinct. Cubicorrhynchus bohemanni, Bohem,—Western Aus- tralia: Beverley, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie. Cubicorrhynchus oceultus, Sloane.—Central Austra- lia: Frazer Range (Elder Exped., type); Western Australia: Kalgoorlie, Coolgardie. Cubicorrhynchus modestus, Sloane. — Type, Elder Exped. Unfortunately, the type is a female, and cannot, therefore, be readily placed. It agrees fairly well with the female of C. valgus, Lea; but until a male from the type locality of C. modestus (Barrow Range) is available it would be extremely unwise to identify C’. modestus with (. valgus. Cubicorrhynchus valgus, Lea.—Western Australia. Cubicorrhynchus calcaratus, Macl.—South Australia: Port Lincoln, Mount Lofty, Blinman, Arno Bay, Blanchetown, Terowie, Ardrossan, Murat Bay, Dow- lingville, Moonta, Port Pirie. The extensive series of this species shows considerable variation in size, and to a slight extent in sculpture. Most of the female specimens of ('whicorrhynchus, returned as unidentifiable, belong either to this species or to (’. maculatus, Macl. Cubicorrhynchus maculatus, Macl.—South Australia : Mount Lofty, Adelaide, Wilmington, Lyndoch, Terowie, Blanchetown, Mannum, Murray Bridge, Wirrabarra, Ardrossan, Ouldea; New South Wales ; 184. 192. 193. 194. 61 Victoria: Victorian Alps. An extensive series, showing considerable variation in size and sculpture. I cannot, however, regard them as belonging to more than one species. Cubicorrhynchus taurus, Blackb.—South Australia: Lake Callabonna, Adelaide, Farina, Blanchetown, Lucindale ; Victoria. A specimen, from Lake Calla- bonna, is labelled ‘“Cubicorrhynchus taurus’? in Blackburn’s handwriting, and seems likely to be the type, which was from this locality, and should be in the Museum collection. Specimens from Long- reach, Queensland, probably represent a variety ; they are smaller than typical specimens, and have more evident elytral granules. . Cubicorrhynchus strigicollis, n. sp. . Cubicorrhynchus quadraticollis, n. sp. . Cubicorrhynchus substrigosus, n. sp. . Cubrteorrhynchus curvipes, n. sp. . Cubicorrhynchus aureomaculatus, n. sp. . Cubicorrhynchus rectipes, n. sp. . Cubicorrhynchus mussoni, Blackb..(?)—A specimen labelled ‘““Mount Lofty Ranges’’ agrees fairly well with New South Wales specimens of this species in my own collection. I think the South Australian locality is probably wrong. Cubicorrhynchus, sp. (?)—Queensland: Dalby. A single male belonging to a species allied to (. mussont, Blackb. JI have numerous specimens of this species from Southern Queensland, but as its position is somewhat anomalous have deferred naming it until the genus as a whole is revised. Cubicorrhynchus, sp. (?)—Northern Territory. Two specimens, labelled “Northern Territory,’ belong to a new species, but are both females. In the absence of a male, I hesitate to describe, particularly as it is closely allied to, if not identical with, a species in Mr. Lea’s collection from Darling Ranges, Western Australia. Cubicorrhynchus, sp (?)—North-west South Austra- lia (Wells Exped.). A single female, in bad condi- tion, belonging to a new species, with curious head and rostrum. . Cubteorrhynchus (2) spinicollis, Macl.—Western Aus- tralia: Beverley. . Cubicorrhynchus (7) sp. aie Western Australia: Kal- goorlie. A species close to, but distinct from, C. spinicollis, Macl. It is also close to Pilot hanch us ee 1938: 195" 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 210. 62 aurigena, Blackb.; it, however, differs from the specimen I have so named. As, however, the Museum specimen comes from the same locality as Blackburn’s type, it is possibly his species. Cucullothorax horridus, n. gen. and sp. Alexirhea, sp. (?)—Western Australia. A_ single female, agreeing, in the preapical elytral projection, with A. falsifica, Pase., but with projecting shoulders. Euomus insculptus, Bohem.—Western Australia: Bun- bury, Capel River. Fuomus stephensi, Gyll.—Western Australia: Warren River. A specimen from Mount Barker differs. slightly, and perhaps represents a variety. Huomus, sp. (?)—A specimen from Western Australia, Blackburn’s collection; probably belongs to a dis- tinct species. As it is very closely allied to Z£. stephensi I prefer to leave it undescribed for the present. Euomus scorpio, Boisd.— Western Australia: Bunbury.. Mythites basalis, Boisd.—Western Australia. A specimen from South Australia (F. R. Zietz) repre- sents either a distinct species or a well-marked variety of J/. basalis. 'The specimen is, however, a. female, and I do not care to describe it without seeing the other sex. Mythites degener, Pasc.—South Australia: Port Lin- coln. Mythites tuberculatus, Lea.—Tasmania; South Aus- tralia: Lucindale; Victoria. Mythites sulcicolis, Germ.—South Australia: Ardros- san, Dowlingville, Yorke Peninsula. Most of the specimens are without locality. The series shows a. good range of variation in size, and, to a less extent, in sculpture; but I do not think the specimens belong to more than one species. . Mythites foverpenns, Lea.—New South Wales: Blue: Mountains (Blackburn). . Mythites asperatus, Pasc.—New South Wales: Sydney. . Mythites, sp. (?)—New South Wales: Blue Moun- tains. A single female belongs to a species which is probably new, but which fs so close to 7. asperatus- that at present I do not think it advisable to: describe it. Bubaris pithecius, Pase.—New South Wales: Coota-— mundra, Forest Reefs. 63 . Acherres mamillatus, Pasc. — Western Australia: Geraldton, Beverley. . Acherres globicollis, Lea.—Western Australia. . Acherres latus, n. sp. . Acherres pilosus, n. sp. . Acherres granulatus, n. sp. . Melanegis halmaturina, n. sp. . Amorphorrhinus australis, Germ.—South Australia: Ardrossan. . Amorphorrhinus muriceus, n. sp. . Brachymycterus auritus, n. gen. and sp. . Atychoria rudis, Blackb. (co-type).—Central Aus- tralia. . Aedriodes fastigatus, Pasc.—Western Australia: Capel River. . Aedriodes nodipennis, Bohem.—Western Australia: Geraldton. . Aedriodes inuus, Pasc.—Western Australia: Warren River, Beverley. . Dialeptopus echinatus, Wea.—Western Australia: Mullewa, Lennonville, Lake Austin. . Dialeptopus lindensis,* Blackb.—South Australia: Yeelanna, Port Lincoln (co-type). . Dialeptopus pyrifer, Lea.—South Australia: Mount Lofty, Kangaroo Island. . Dialepiopus collaris, Bohem.—Western Australia: Tammin. . Dialeptopus longipes, Lea.—Western Australia: Mount Barker. . Dialeptopus validus, Blackb.—South Australia: Israelite Bay (co-type). . Dialeptopus lugubris, Blackb. (?)—South Australia: Fowler Bay. I have attached the above name with some doubt to a pair of specimens from Fowler Bay. On the whole, they agree with Blackburn’s descrip- tion, and are, I think, distinct from D. validus. I am unable to detect, however, the difference in the comparative lengths of the scape and claw-joint of the anterior tarsi, which Blackburn lays stress on. The depressions on the apical ventral segment are also more in keeping with D. validus. I might state here that, in my opinion, a deep circular depression is always indicative of the female in this genus. Two other specimens, one a male from Kangaroo Island, are considerably smaller, but I can detect no structural differences between them and_ the 64 specimens from Fowler Bay. One of the two speci- mens bears a number, ‘‘I. 1439,’’ and attached to it is a note by A. M. Lea:—‘‘T. 1439 in Blackburn’s collection was named /ugubhris, and from Ooldea (Prof. Tate). But was struck out. Blackburn some- times cancelled a number and made use of it later on for a different species, forgetting that he had more than one specimen bearing the number originally. This may or may not be his /wgubris, therefore.”’ 231. Dialeptopus, sp. (?)—Among the examples of this genus sent are a number of specimens which, after considerable and careful examination, I am inclined to regard as belonging to one variable species. Individual specimens vary much in size and in the ~ number of the elytral tubercles, and to a less extent in the prothoracic crests. Several of the specimens are reddish in colour, but the majority are black ; possibly, I think probably, the reddish colour is a mark of immaturity. A name has not been attached to these specimens, as I think that in all probability they may belong to J. ferreus, or D. monachus. Indeed, in several collections one or other of these names is attached to specimens which I regard as conspecific with the Museum examples. Unfortunately, both of Pascoe’s descriptions are too meagre to enable one to identify his species from them, and until specimens can be compared with the types I think no good can result from attaching either of his names to these specimens. The series are mostly labelled “S. Australia, Rev. A. P. Burgess,”’ or ‘““Australia, old collection,’’ but several are from Ardrossan. 232. Dialeptopus, sp. (?)—Two females labelled ‘Western Australia” probably belong to the same species as the last, but are slightly larger. 233. Dialeptopus, sp. (?)—South Australia. Several speci- mens, mostly without locality label, differ from the previous species, but were labelled ‘“‘). ferreus’’ in Blackburn’s collection. Until the identity of Pascoe’s species are established, I think it wiser to leave these specimens undescribed. 234. Tetralophus elevatus, Pase. (?)—South Australia: Ardrossan, Mount Lofty, Clarendon. A long series of a species which I identify with some slight doubt as 7’. elevatus, Pasc. It is, moreover, the species to which that name is attached in all Australian collec- tions. The specimens vary in size and in shape, 65 some of them appearing broader across the base of the elytra; probably these are males. The granules on the prothorax are also variable. The third elytral interstice bears a single tubercle abrupt posteriorly, but sloping anteriorly, the interstice being slightly raised but rapidly sinking towards the base; there are a few obsolete granules at the base of the tubercle. 235. Tetralophus excursus, Pasc. (?)—South Australia: Port Lincoln, Gawler. I attach this name to a species differing from the last, in having a row of granules or small tubercles on the third interstice anterior to the large tubercle, and gradually dis- appearing towards the base. It is named 7. excursus in Blackburn’s collection. 236. Tetralophus, sp. (?)—Kangaroo Island. Three speci- mens from Kangaroo Island perhaps represent a new species. One of them differs rather decidedly in the more granulate prothorax, with the crests farther apart; the other two seem closer to 7. elevatus(?) but I‘am unable to separate them from the first- mentioned specimen. Until more are available I prefer to leave the species undescribed. 237. Tetralophus sculpturatus, Waterh.—South Australia: Lucindale ; Victoria. 238. Tetralophus, sp. (?).—Victoria. A species, differing from 7. sculpturatus in the smaller number of the elytral tubercles, may prove to be 7. incanus, Pasc. or a variety of that species. List of species belonging to genera listed in Part I. : — Psalidura reticulata, Boisd.—New South Wales: Galston. Psalidura lear, Ferg.—Victoria. Psalidura brevicauda, Ferg.—Queensland: Dalby. Psalidura grandis, Ferg.—Queensland: Bluff. Psalidura flavosetosa, Ferg.—South Australia: Crecy, Murray River. Talaurinus riverinae, Macl.—South Australia: Yeelanna. Talaurinus simplicipes, Lea.—South Australia: Lucin- dale. Talaurinus maculipennis, Lea.—Western Australia: Beverley, Kalgoorlie. Talaurinus septentrionalis, Ferg.—Queensland: Coen River. Talaurinus plagiatus, Ferg.—Queensland: Coen River. Talaurinus tessellatus, Pasce.—Western Australia: Cue. Talaurinus variegatus, Macl.—Queensland: Dalby. 66 Talaurinus M-elevatus, Lea.—New South Wales: Sydney. Talaurinus bucephalus, Oliv.—New South Wales: Sydney. Talaurinus semispinosus, Bohem.—Western Australia: Beverley. ‘ Sclerorionus tristis, Boisd. (?)—South Australia: Mount Lofty. Sclerorinus eldert, Sloane.—Western Australia: Cue. Sclerorinus sublineatus, Germ.—Victoria: Sea Lake. Sclerorinus vestitus, Macl.—Victoria: Sea Lake. Sclerorinus stewarti, Macl.—South Australia: Murray River. Sclerorinus mucronipenms, Ferg.—South Australia: Mount Gambier. Sclerorinus bubalus, Oliv.—Tasmania: Hobart. Sclerorinus germari, Macl.—South Australia: Mount Lofty. A single male varies from typical specimens in being narrower, in the absence of the white clothing along the third elytral interstice, and in the smaller and fewer tubercles on that interstice. Notonophes cichlodes, Pasc.—Western Australia: Cue. Notonophes taurus, Ferg.—Western Australia: Cue. ACANTHOLOPHUS BROWNI, 0. sp. 3. Elongate, subparallel; closely allied to A. transitus, Macl., but larger, more elongate. Black; clothing moderately dense, subsquamose, pale golden-yellow, with silvery-white vittae. White scales scanty on head; present along median line and at base of sublateral vittae of prothorax ; trivittate along each elytron; on the sides clothing the head, forming two broad lines on prothorax, indistinctly separated, a narrow line along eighth interstice and a broader line along lower border of elytra; under-surface rather thickly set with broad white squames; legs densely clothed with white. Rostrum a little narrower than the head; dorsal surface much narrower than total width of rostrum; the external borders slightly raised, continued back into the supra-orbital crests; dorsal surface with a deep, almost linear, fovea in centre, and a fovea on each side of base; the oblique ridges present, but little marked off from rest of surface; rostrum limited behind by the intercristal ridge. Head concave in front, behind the intercristal ridge ; supra-orbital crests short, single, with the apex directed backwards and upwards. Pro- thorax (5 x 6 mm.) rather flat on disc, with three transverse impressions, a subapical, a median (indistinct in centre), and a basal, the subapical impression extending backwards in the median line to two-fifths of the length of the prothorax ; ocular 67 lobes prominent ; median line rather deeply impressed in the middle; median area of disc moderately broad, with a few scattered granules; sublateral areas with a few fine granules ; median group of tubercles small, a pair moderately large, anterior to subapical constriction, a group of four small ones about middle, and a larger one nearer the middle line over- looking the basal impression, one on either side of middle line, at extreme base; lateral tubercles triangular, flattened above, outwardly directed, two anterior to middle, the second the larger, one posterior to middle, about size of anterior tubercle, also a small tubercle present anterior to subapical impression. Elytra (13 x 7 mm.) rounded behind shoulders, thence sub- parallel to before apex ; base truncate ; disc with rows of small punctures, the intrastrial granules moderately prominent ; with three rows of tubercles ; first row with about fourteen tubercles, extending from base to edge of declivity, basal tubercles very small, becoming progressively larger, the last three spiniform, the apical tubercle the largest ; second row with nine to eleven similar tubercles, not quite reaching base, lower tubercles somewhat outwardly directed, reaching a slightly lower level than the first row ; third row with a strong outwardly directed humeral tubercle, a subbasal tubercle about the same size or slightly larger, then four smaller ones to about middle; sides with intrastrial granules moderately evident, the interstices non-granulate. Beneath almost flat over ventral segments, excepting the first; metasternum glabrous, with scattered squames, but without evident punctures; ventral segments with a coarse reticulum of large oval punctures, separated by narrow septae, a white squame present as a rule in each punc- ture. Intermediate tebiae with a strong subapical emargina- tion or notch. Q. Rather larger, more ovate than the niet Head and prothorax similar. Elytra (14x9 mm.) more widened posteriorly, not parallel-sided ; tubercles smaller, thirteen in first row and twelve in second (in the type), third row with two strong basal tubercles as in the male, followed by a row of eight, gradually becoming smaller, the first four or five dis- tinctly tuberculiform. Beneath convex, with white squames, but without evident punctures. Intermediate tibiae hardly emarginate. Dim.—Male, 21x7 mm.; female, 22 x9 mm. Hab.--Western Australia: Ankertell (H. W. Brown). Type in author’s collection. Closely allied to A. transitus, Macl., but larger and rela- tively narrower, with much more numerous and considerably smaller elytral tubercles. The median prothoracic tubercles are more distinct than in A. transitus, though considerably smaller and differently arranged than in A. amycteroides. The D2 68 puncturation of the ventral surface is much more distinct than in A. transitus. I have described A. browm at some length, partly because, though well known, A. transitus is far from adequately described, partly because I am not certain what features may be regarded as of generic or group, rather than specific, importance. ACANTHOLOPHUS TENNANTENSIS, N. sp. 3. In general appearance close to A. simplex, Pasc. Black; densely clothed with golden-brown squames, on the elytra obscurely maculate with white. Rostrum short, rather wide, much dilated on the sides below the scrobes ; the upper surface feebly concave in front, the external margins feebly raised, not angulate in front; the oblique ridges hardly traceable, and the basal foveae shallow. Head concave behind intercristal ridge; supra-ocular crests strongly developed, bifid; as viewed from in front, sloping inwards at base and joined across head in a strong intercristal ridge ; posterior ramus of crest the larger, about the same size as in A. simplex, projecting outwards, upwards, and slightly backwards, the anterior ramus shorter, stouter, projecting forwards, the apex upturned. Prothorax (3x4 mm.) much as in A. simplex, the mesial series consisting of six spines on each side, arranged in single series, showing a slight deviation outwards in the middle; the spines short, blunt at apex, the basal two somewhat smaller than the others; external margin with a strong outwardly projecting spine about the middle, and a much smaller one conjoined with it at base anteriorly ; the postero-lateral spine represented by a mere granule. EHlytra (9x5 mm.) in general appearance as in A. simplex; seriate punctures shallow, only traceable from some directions ; with three rows of tubercles, on the third, fifth, and seventh interstices, the other interstices with small granules, little evident except on the second ; the first row of tubercles small and granuliform at the base of the elytra, the apical three large, spiniform, the apical spine projecting over the declivity ; the second row about eight in number, the basal ones small, the last three or four large, acutely spiniform, the apical one situated halfway down declivity, at a more posterior level than the apical spine of the first row; the third row with a large outwardly projecting humeral tubercle, followed by four others, gradually decreasing in size, and extending to about the middle of the elytra. Beneath with apical segment rugosely punctured, the other segments with subobsolete punctures. Legs simple. 2. Rostrum, head, and prothorax as in the male; the postero-lateral tubercles rather stronger, triangular. Elytra 69 {10 x 7 mm.) broader, with the granules rather more pro- minent, the second interstice with a single spine on each side, situated above the apical spine of the first row; first row of tubercles much degraded, only the apical tubercle really spini- form, though the preceding two are larger than the others and subspiniform; the second row similarly degraded, about thirteen in number, the last four larger and becoming spini- form ; the third row with humeral and second tubercle large, the others much smaller than in the male, and rather more numerous. Dim.—Male, 14x5 mm.; female, 15°57 mm. Hab.—Central Australia: Tennant Creek. Type male in South Australian Museum ; type female in National Museum, Melbourne. Close to A. simplex, Pasc., but separated, inter alia, by the difference in the supra-ocular crests. A. tatev, Blackb., is probably closely allied, but the postero-lateral spine in that species is described as bifid. ACANTHOLOPHUS HALMATURINUS, DN. Sp. 3.- Close to A. adelaidae, Waterh., but larger and broader. Black; sparsely clothed with minute brownish adpressed subpubescence, hardly squamosity; the posterior femora with a pale subapical ring. Rostrum much as in A. adelaidae; the external margins raised into a strong tubercle or spine, larger than in A. adelaidae, the margins sloping backwards from this spine to the base of the supra-ocular crests, low at the base, but closing in the outer side of the basal foveae; the supra-ocular crests bifid, the anterior branch much stronger than in A. adelaidae, projecting forwards and somewhat upwards, the posterior branch more slender (both branches, however, comparatively stout), the notch between deep and moderately wide; inter- cristal ridge slightly lower than in 4A. adelaidae. Prothorax (4 x 45 mm.) rather wider than in A. adelaidae, the dorsal surface rather closely set, all over, with small, but evident, granules; the median tubercles arranged much as in A. adelaidae, the anterior pair cristiform but less prominent, the median ones smaller and less definite than in A. adelaidae hardly larger than granules, the subbasal pair large, back- wardly projecting, the basal tubercles moderately large ; lateral tubercles triangular, more obtuse than in A. adelaidae, granu- late on the upper surface, the anterior pair conjoined, the first being very small, the posterior tubercle single but with a small tubercle at base, posteriorly. Hlytra (9x6 mm.) sub- parallel, gently rounded to base, and before apex; with rows of small granules, larger and more conspicuous than in A. adelaidae; with three rows of tubercles; first row granulate 70 at base, becoming tuberculate about the middle, the last three only conical and spiniform, the apical tubercle the largest, situated on the edge of the declivity; second row with basal tubercles small, but definite, about ten in all, the last four conical, reaching about the same level posteriorly as the first row; third row smaller than in A. adelaidae, eight to ten in number, equal or subequal in size, the last two or three be- coming smaller, and thence degenerating in a row of obsolete granules. Ventral segments subglabrous, with scattered punc- tures; apical ventral segment longitudinally convex, very feebly transversely concave posteriorly, the greater part sub- glabrous, with scattered punctures, the lateral parts with more dense subsetose clothing. Legs simple. Q. Broader, more ovate than the male. Elytra with only the last two tubercles of the first row spiniform, the others traceable though small; second row with eight, third row with seven to eight tubercles. Beneath convex, subglabrous ; apical segment with a feeble depression at apex. Dim.—Male, 15x 6 mm.; female, 15 x 7 mm. Hab.—South Australia: Kangaroo Island (J. G. O. Tepper). Closely allied to A. adelaidae, the differences noted above should readily separate it. Typical specimens of A- adelaidae also occur on the island. ACANTHOLOPHUS SIMULATOR, 0. Sp. . d. Small, elongate. Black; rather sparsely clothed above with minute brownish squames, the elytra feebly maculate with white on the sides and posteriorly; beneath with white, depressed, subsetose clothing; legs with similar clothing. Rostrum short, broad; the dorsum hardly excavate, the margins raised into a strong conical tubercle above the insertion of the antennae ; oblique ridges hardly raised above the general dorsal surface; the basal foveae deep, open laterally. Head concave in front behind the intercristal ridge, longitudinally, somewhat obsoletely, ridged ; the supra-orbital crests conspicu- ous, bicornuate, the two horns arising from a common stem,. the anterior directed forwards with a feeble curve upwards, the posterior and larger branch directed upwards with a feeble curve backwards. VProthorar (3°5x3°5 mm.) not greatly ampliate ; the anterior margin slightly produced over the head above, without ocular lobes; the disc with three narrow trans- verse impressions and with the median line strongly depressed in the middle ; median group of tubercles about six in number, the anterior pair cristiform, projecting over head, the other tubercles small, rounded, somewhat irregularly disposed, the subbasal tubercle slightly projecting over the basal impression ; 71 lateral group of tubercles outwardly projecting, somewhat peg- shaped, not triangular, nor flattened above; three of the tubercles larger, two of these conjoined at base and situated anterior to the middle, the third posterior to the middle, a small tubercle situated in front of subapical impression, one in the middle but below the other tubercles, one posterior to the third large tubercle, and a smaller one posterior to the basal impression. Zlytra (8 x 4°5 mm.) little widened on the sides, rounded to base and apex; punctures small and regular ; with regular rows of rather prominent granules and three rows of tubercles ; first row of tubercles about twelve in number, small at base, becoming progressively larger posteriorly, the last two or three spiniform, the apical tubercle the largest, overlooking the declivity ; the second row running backwards and outwards, mot quite reaching base, with about eight tubercles, the last four spiniform, outwardly directed, extending slightly beyond level of first row; the third row with a large humeral and second, or subbasal, tubercle, of about equal size, followed by a row of eight, becoming progressively smaller, not extending much beyond middle. Beneath very feebly convex, sub- glabrous, without evident punctures. Legs simple. Q. Larger, more ovate; elytra wider, more rounded, the apex more produced, with tubercles smaller, the basal ones mere granules, and rather more numerous; beneath more strongly convex. Dim.—Male, 12x45 mm.; female, 14x 6 mm. Hab.—-South Australia: Lucindale (A. M. Lea), Kan- garoo Island (J. G. O. Tepper). Type in South Australian Museum. The Kangaroo Island specimens show practically no clothing, but I cannot detect any difference between them and the Lucindale specimens. In general appearance this species: resembles A. adelaidae, Waterh., and is so named in some col- lections, but the shape of the lateral prothoracic tubercles is quite different from the species which is common about Adelaide, and which I regard as adelaidae. A. simulator is closely allied to A. tribulus, but that species is smaller, with more acute lateral prothoracic tubercles and less conspicuous elytral granules. ACANTHOLOPHUS ALPICOLA, n. sp. g. Large, elongate-elliptical, comparatively narrow. Black; fresh specimens densely clothed with dark-brownish squames. Rostrum short, the upper-surface openly concave, with a deeper median impressed line ; lateral margins strongly convex, declining towards apex and base; oblique ridges evident, rp though not greatly raised, arising separately from the inter- cristal ridge ; basal foveae closed, although the outer boundary is somewhat depressed. Head strongly convex above, concave in front ; supra-ocular crests single, elongate, running upward parallel to the head, with a slight inclination outwards, for the greater part of their length attached to the head; inter- cristal ridge distinct, though not greatly raised. Scrobes terminated far from the eyes ; a rather wide impression running up into the base of the supra-ocular crest, behind the scrobes. Eyes large, ovate. Prothoraz (3x 4mm.) gently convex from side to side; apical margin feebly produced above, with feeble ocular lobes ; disc moderately closely set with small, depressed, subobsolete granules ; with a shallowly depressed median area, widest in the middle, the median line more deeply impressed immediately in front of the middle; median tubercles about six in number, irregularly set, all small and rather incon- spicuous, but some larger than others; lateral margins with two subequal triangular projections, the anterior composed of two conjoined tubercles, the second of which is the larger, the posterior of a single tubercle ; a small tubercle situate in front of the subapical constriction, one between and below the two large tubercles, and one on the lateral-basal angle; sides irregularly scarred above, with a few obsolete granules; with a few scattered punctures below. JLlytra (13 x 6°5 mm.) elongate-elliptical, comparatively narrow, strongly convex, the posterior declivity sloping much more gradually than usual ; apex with a small, narrow incisure; base without the inter- stices projecting anteriorly ; disc with seriate punctures small, obscurely connected across the interstices ; with the third, fifth, and seventh interstices tuberculate, the others with small, subobsolete granules; first row of tubercles ten in number, extending from base to beginning of declivity, the basal ones small, slightly elongate, little raised, the last three or four becoming progressively larger and subacute, but none reaching a large size; second row with eleven tubercles, not reaching base, but extending to a more posterior level than the first row, the last six or seven subacute; third row six to seven in number, all comparatively small and backwardly projecting, the first and second sometimes conjoined ; sides with punctures more defined, the interstices neither granulate nor tuberculate. Beneath convex over the abdomen from the second to fifth segments; rather closely set with small setigerous punctures, more distinct on the apical segment. Legs simple. Q. Differs from the male in being broader and more robust. Head and prothorax as in the male. Elytra (14x8 mm.) obovate, each elytron separately produced at the apex 73 into a strong mucro, the apex between being deeply emarginate; sculpture similar to that of the male, but the granules practically obsolete, only traceable with difficulty ; first row of tubercles eight in number, more elongate but not more prominent, and more isolated than in the male; second row nine in number, the last four subacute ; third row seven in number. Ventral segments convex, the basal segment also convex. Jim.—Male, 19x 6°5 mm.; female, 20 x 8 mm. Hab.—New South Wales: Mount Kosciusko (H. J. Carter); Victoria: Mount Baldy (H. J. Carter), Victorian Alps (T. Blackburn). Type in author’s collection. A remarkably distinct species, not close to any I am acquainted with. The types are completely destitute of clothing, but most of the Victorian specimens are moderately densely clothed. The Mount Baldy specimens differ somewhat in being smaller, and in having the supra-ocular crests project- ing slightly more prominently from the head ; in one specimen also there is distinct evidence of a division of the crest into two component parts. ACANTHOLOPHUS SCAPHIROSTRIS, Ni. Sp. 3d. Elongate, subparallel. Black; rather sparsely clothed above with minute, dingy-brown subpubescence; on the sides of the prothorax, sternal, and ventral segments, with larger, sparse, subsetose clothing; legs moderately densely clothed with greyish, femora with a lighter preapical ring. Rostrum moderately long ; the upper-surface rather deeply concave, the depressed area slightly narrowed and rounded off at base; the external margins straight, not greatly raised, subrectangulate, but not produced at apex, not depressed at base. Head separated from rostrum by a transverse sulcus above, not extending to the sides, no intercristal ridge present ; convex, hardly, if at all, depressed in front, with two small granules on the forehead ; supra-orbital crests rather short, set upright to plane of head, the upper margin slightly bidentate, the anterior dentation very feeble. Scrobes running back almost to eye, with an oblique upward extension towards base of crest. Prothorax (4x5 mm.) very slightly produced above ; without ocular lobes; subapical constriction deep, parallel to and moderately close to apical margin; subbasal impression hardly traceable; disc gently transversely convex, set with small, discrete granules; median area not depressed, median tubercles small, granuliform, a large one present on each side of middle line, in front of the subapical impression, tubercles about six in number on each side, irregularly placed ; lateral margins with a strongly produced, outwardly projecting 74 tubercle, in front of middle, the posterior portion the larger, also with a very small subconical tubercle, posterior to middle, and with a small tubercle on each side, anterior to subapical impression; sides vertically scarred above, impunctate and non-granulate. Hlytra (10x5°5 mm.) elongate-oval, apex widely rounded; base truncate, with forward projecting tubercles or granules at the bases of the first, third, and fifth interstices; seriate punctures small, open, somewhat trans- verse, with rows of small but distinct granules, somewhat con- fusedly arranged, appearing to lie between the punctures rather than on the interstices; interstices third, fifth, and seventh, tuberculate; third interstice with a row of small granules, becoming tuberculiform about the middle, the last three or four moderately large, spiniform, the apical tubercle - situated on the edge of the declivity; fifth interstice with a row of nine tubercles, becoming progressively larger posteriorly, not quite reaching base, but extending to the same level posteriorly as the first row, the last four tubercles acute and spiniform, the apical tubercles of the first and second rows being about the same size; seventh interstice with a row of small outwardly projecting tubercles, extending from the humeral tubercle, and degenerating after the sixth or seventh into a row of granules, the third or fourth from the base generally slightly larger than the others; sides with seriate punctures more distinct, rather strongly transverse, giving sides a vertically rugose appearance; the interstices non- granulate. Beneath subnitid, with fine scattered setigerous punctures, set more closely on apical segment, the extreme apex slightly rugulose, metasternum obscurely, transversely tricarinate ; basal ventral segment flattened, the others feebly transversely convex. Legs simple. Dim.—16x5°5 mm. Hab.—-Western Australia: Bridgetown (H. J. Carter, A. M. Lea), Warren River (W. D. Dodd). Type in author’s collection. There is a female of this species in Mr. Lea’s collection ; it differs from the male in being broader, and in having the basal abdominal segments convex. The elytral tubercles are also somewhat smaller. In the male the metasternum is transversely carinate about the middle, and the anterior and posterior margins are raised, to a less extent, giving the seg- ment somewhat of a tricarinate appearance. The species is most closely allied to A. eximius, Macl., but is smaller, with smaller elytral tubercles. MoLocHTUS HERCULES, Nn. sp. gd. Size large; elongate-ovate. Black; without clothing on body; setae present only on sides, of a light colour. 75 Rostrum deeply excavate, the centre depressed; the -external dorsal borders thick, strongly raised, sinuous in out- line, incurved towards base, rather coarsely punctate. Head strongly convex, sublaevigate, minutely transversely strigose posteriorly, with scattered obsolete punctures in front, with a semi-circular impression running from behind crests across the front of the head, ill-defined above, deeper laterally ; with a small bidentate, supra-ocular crest on either side, the processes small, dentiform, the posterior the larger; forehead feebly convex between the crests; head separated from rostrum by a deep transverse sulcus, somewhat V-shaped in centre. Prothorax (7x7 mm.) subquadrate, widest in front of middle, the sides sloping very gradually towards base, much more abruptly towards apex; anterior margin truncate, with a small, obtusely-angulate projection behind eye; disc feebly convex, somewhat flattened above; with a deep circumferential sulcus, interrupted in the middle line, immediately behind apex, and with a wider concave depressed area at base; median line impressed anteriorly, thence hardly traceable ; set with flattened, irregularly polygonal, contiguous granules, the facets fitting into each other; with four small dentiform tubercles on either side, an anterior pair on apical declivity, and a posterior pair near latero-basal angle; sides with granules more rounded, not extending more than about halfway towards coxae. Elytra (14x9 mm.) elongate, widest near base, gradually rounded towards apex, the latter some- what produced, with a mucroniform projection, separated by a narrow emargination, on each side; base truncate, with a small dentiform tubercle on each side at humeral angle; disc flattened above, strongly declivous posteriorly ; puncto-striate, striae narrow, punctures small, connected transversely by irregular sulci, frequently running across whole width of elytron; interstices not raised, granules depressed, flattened, confluent laterally; the whole sculpture confused, consisting of a series of wavy transverse elevations and depressions. Beneath flattened over basal ventral segments, the first seg- ment somewhat hollowed out between the posterior coxae. Metasternum and two basal ventral segments with scattered granules, apical segments not granulate, somewhat rugosely punctate. Anterior tibiae without subapical emargination ; all with moderately conspicuous granules on the under- surface; tarsi short, flattened, with peculiar claw-joint char- acteristic of the genus. | Q. More ovate than the male. Head and rostrum similar. Prothorax (55x6 mm.) smaller, widest about middle, tubercles at sides rather stronger, mesial line impressed throughout. Elytra (16x9 mm.) longer, more 76 rounded on sides, less produced at apex, without humeral denticle at base; sculpture similar. Beneath, convex; basal segments not flattened, obscurely rugulose, with minute trans- verse scratches at sides of basal segments. Tibiae lighter, with long setae beneath but without granules. Dim.—Male, female, 23 x 9 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Kookynie (types), Kalgoorlie, Cue (W. H. Brown). In the Museum collection from Cue, also from Central Australia (Elder Exped.) and Coolgardie (Blackburn’s collection). A male in the British Museum is from Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). Type in author’s collection. Among described species of Molochtus the present one may be readily identified by the small bidentate supra-ocular crests. — Another, undescribed, species in my collection has similar crests, but is a much smaller insect, and differs in other respects. One of the female specimens from Cue in my collection shows whitish squames forming feeble maculae, on the sides and on the apical declivity, and also present on the legs. A female collected by Capt. S. A. White at Fincke River, MacDonnell Ranges, perhaps represents a variety of this species. It is smaller (18x7 mm.), with even more obliterate elytral sculpture ; the rostrum also is more shallowly excavate, and has a narrow, impressed, median line. It agrees fairly well with a male in my own collection from the Ash- burton River, Western Australia, but more specimens are necessary to decide whether the form is a subspecific one or merely due to individual variation. CUBICORRHYNCHUS CURVIPES, N. Sp. 3. In general appearance close to UC. maculatus, Macl. Black; densely clothed with dark-greyish squames, the pro- thorax with three or four whitish spots, and the elytra obscurely maculate with white; the apical portion of the: femora and the tibiae with dense white clothing; setae light coloured. Rostrum gently concave, the sides hardly raised; with rather coarse punctures; separated from the head, above, by a distinct, impressed, transverse line, not reaching to the sides. Head flattened in front, with scattered, umbilicate- granules, strigose between ; the upper part of the head finely transversely strigulose; supra-ocular crests rather short but distinct, projecting almost at right angles to the surface. Prothoraz (3x35 mm.) with distinct subapical transverse impression, and a rather deeply-impressed median line, deepest. in front of middle, but not reaching apex or base; lateral 77 margins with about five obtuse dentations, the two anterior the larger, also with a smal! one in front of subapical impres- sion; disc moderately closely set with small, round, slightly depressed, umbilicate, setigerous granules; sides with granules distinct above, obsolescent towards coxae. FL/ytra (7 x4°5 mm.) feebly convex on disc, strongly declivous posteriorly ; base with small granules at the ends of the first, third, and fifth interstices; punctures small, regular; intrastrial granules not traceable; interstices little raised, each with a row of small granules, obsolete anteriorly, becoming distinct towards the sides and posteriorly; lateral interstices not granulate. Below, feebly depressed over basal ventral segment; sub- glabrous, with small, scattered, setigerous punctures; apical segment with punctures closer together, and rather coarser, especially towards apex. Posterior t7biwe moderately long, strongly curved forwards towards apex, the apical end very slightly thickened, the inner-surface set with small granules; the anterior tibiae also strongly curved, though less so than the posterior; the intermediate pair feebly curved. 2. Similar to male; convex beneath, the apical segment with finer punctures, though closer than on the other seg- ments; the tibiae less strongly curved than in the male. Dim.—Male, female, 10 x 4°5 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Geraldton (W. D. Dodd and H. W. Brown). At first sight the tibiae appear to be evenly curved throughout, but the basal portion is almost straight, the cur- vature occurring in the apical half. The serrate prothorax would associate this species with C. crenicollis, Waterh., from which the tibial curvature, inter ulia, will separate it. The anterior femora are contiguous, which, in addition to many other features, will separate it from C. bohemanni and C. occultus. C. maculatus and its allies may be readily dis- tinguished by their non-serrate prothorax and different tibial structure. CUBICORRHYNCHUS STRIGICOLLIS, N. sp. dg. Of average size and appearance; prothorax rotundate, with widely separate granules, strigose between. Black; clothing dark-grey, squamose; setae light. Rostrum feebly concave above, the lateral margins little raised; the upper-surface somewhat rugose. Head flattened in front, separated from rostrum by a transverse impression ; rather closely and finely longitudinally and obliquely strigose, with a few indistinct granules amongst the strige; the back of the head very finely strigulose; supra-ocular crests small, almost upright. Scape moderately long, rather thin. Prothorar (35x45 mm.) strongly rounded on the sides; 78 with marked subapical constriction ; median line not impressed, but very finely carinate; an obscure indefinite impression present at each side of disc; disc with small, widely separate granules, the derm between finely strigose, the central strigae longitudinal, the more lateral ones running transversely inwards and obliquely downwards and inwards from the sides; sides non-strigose, with a few granules above. Slytra (7x5 mm.) gently convex above, strongly declivous towards apex ; puncto-striate, the punctures small and regular; the median interstices flattened, without granules, the more lateral inter- stices each with a row of closely-set granules, more evident towards the sides and posteriorly; lateral interstices not granulate. Beneath with scattered punctures, much closer, semiconfluent and coarser on the apical segment. Anterior tibiae slight, curved towards the apex, the under-surface gently sinuate; posterior tibiae not curved, the under-surface dis- tinctly, though not greatly, thickened in the middle; the intermediate tibiae feebly sinuate on under-surface ; all with small granules along the under-surface, but most marked at the thickening on the posterior tibiae. @. Differs from the male in the somewhat less strongly- rounded prothorax, in the more convex under-surface, and in the posterior tibiae being practically straight and hardly thickened on the under-surface. Dim.—Male, 12x5 mm.; female, 10 x 4°55 mm. Hab.—-Victoria: Nathalia, Tallarook; South Australia: Lucindale, Naracoorte, Murray Bridge. Type in author’s collection. Most of the specimens before me are labelled ‘‘Victoria’”’ without locality ; probably it has a wide range in the western portions of that State. A‘specimen from Oodnadatta differs in having the head non-strigose; I do not think it is distinct. The species may be differentiated from all other known ones, with the exception of the two following, by the strigose pro- thorax. Of these (. quadraticollis is a much smaller species with much less strongly-rounded prothorax; while CU. sub- strigosus, besides being smaller, has somewhat different granu- lation of the prothorax and lighter tibiae not noticeably thickened beneath. . Mr. Sloane previously considered this species to be (’. sterilis, Pasc., but Mr. Blair states, after comparison of my specimens with Pascoe’s types, that it is not that species. Specimens sent to me as C. maculatus, Macl., var. brevipes, Lea, by Mr. Lea himself, belong to this species ; but the specimens in Mr. Lea’s collection do not. I may add that unless the prothorax is more or less abraded the sculpture cannot readily be distinguished. Normally the species is 79 densely clothed, and very similar in appearance and clothing to C. maculatus, Macl. CUBICORRHYNCHUS QUADRATICOLLIS, n. sp. ¢. Size small; prothorax subquadrate, finely strigose, with scattered granules. Black; rather densely clothed with obscure brownish squames; setae light coloured. Rostrum and head much as in C. strigicollis, the granules on the head more distinct; the supra-ocular crests slightly larger and more sloping. Prothorax (25x3 mm.) sub- quadrate, rather feebly rounded on sides, the lateral basal angles subangulate, not widely rounded; the sublateral impressions more definite, when viewed from some directions, appearing to indent the lateral margins; median line not impressed or carinate; disc finely and closely strigose, more evidently so than in C. strigicollis, the strigae running down- wards and inwards from the anterior margin; with fine, widely-separated granules among the strigae; sides finely strigose, with scattered granules above and in front. EHlytra (6x45 mm.) more ovate than in C. strigicollis; the median interstices with fine granules, rather irregularly arranged and more or less widely separate, on the third interstice showing a tendency to form two incomplete rows; the more lateral inter- stices with granules more closely set, forming more or less continous rows; lateral interstices non-granulate. Under- surface as in (. strigicollis. Posterior tzbiae short, thickened and granulate on the under-surface, about the middle, feebly incurved. @. Rather more robust than the male; prothorax similar, but with lateral notch somewhat more conspicuous ; under-surface convex, with scattered yellowish setae, posterior tibiae very little thickened, almost straight. Dim.—Male, 95x45 mm.; female, 11 x5°5 mm. Hab.—South Australia: Nairne, Fowler Bay, Mount Compass, Mount Lofty. Type in South Australian Museum. Closely allied to both the preceding and the following species, but I think distinct from both; the differences are noted under those species. CUBICORRHYNCHUS SUBSTRIGOSUS, Nn. sp. d. Small, elongate-ovate. Black; densely clothed (fresh specimens), with light-brownish squames; setae light coloured. Rostrum short, feebly concave above, separated from head by a narrow impressed line; definite punctures not traceable. Head closely, rather strongly strigose, the strigae running upwards in the centre, obliquely outwards towards 80 the sides ; supra-ocular crests moderately large, acute, project- ing backwards and slightly outwards. Prothorx (3x4 mm.) moderately rounded on the sides, basal angles rounded; moderately closely set with flattened, setigerous granules; the derm between the granules somewhat obscurely strigose, the central strigae running parallel to the median line, the more lateral ones running transversely and obliquely; the regions of the anterior and posterior lateral angles without traceable strigae; sides granulate above, obsoletely strigose below and behind. Jlytra (7x4'75 mm.) ovate, convex, strongly declivous posteriorly; puncto-striate, the punctures small, open, indefinitely separated from each other ; interstices hardly granulate, a few indistinct granules alone distinguish- able, these somewhat more evident towards the sides and on the declivity; sides with interstices non-granulate. Beneath, depressed over the metasternum and first ventral segment; moderately closely set with rather small punctures, the apical segment rather densely clothed with yellow setae. Anterior cozae contiguous; anterior and intermediate tibiae slightly curved, the anterior the more so; posterior tibiae almost straight, feebly incurved. Q. Differs in the prothorax being less strigose, the strigae being only traceable with difficulty, in the convex abdomen, and in the posterior tibiae straight. Dim.—Male, 10x 4°75 mm. ; female, 10x 5 mm. Hab.—South Australia: Mount Lofty Ranges, Coorong ; others labelled “Australia, old collection.”’ Type in South Australian Museum. Close to C. quadraticollis, but I think distinct. The strigae are less distinct on the prothorax, and the granules more numerous and more distinct. In both these respects the series shows a good deal of variation, but the longer and more slender posterior tibiae will always separate from C. quadraticollis. Some specimens, from Mount Lofty Ranges, have the prothoracic granules much more distinct, and possibly repre- sent a different species. For the present I prefer to regard them as a variety of C’. swbhstrigosus. CUBICORRHYNCHUS AUREOMACULATUS, Nn. Sp. gd. Size moderately large; prothorax dentate at sides; elytral interstices granulate. Black; upper-surface with minute brownish squames, conspicuously maculate with larger metallic coppery-golden and white squames; under-surface with fine hair-like setae; basal two-thirds of femora scantily clad with white squames, apical third and tibiae with dense white squames interspersed with golden; setae light-brown. 81 Rostrum separated from head by a distinct impression ; upper-margins convex in profile; upper-surface lightly con- cave, with a median, triangular, laevigate area, extending on to head. Head convex, flattened in front, with two small, separated granules, on upper portion of front; supra-ocular crests strong, projecting upwards and slightly outwards. Prothorax (4x4°75 mm.) dentate at sides; disc almost flat, with strong subapical constriction ; median line barely traceable in places; the lateral margin with three moderately large dentations anterior to middle, and a number of smaller granules, posterior to middle; anterior margin with closely-set granules, posterior margin also granulate; centre of disc with moderately large, rounded, setigerous granules, moderately closely set, leaving a submarginal area extending almost all round disc, free or comparatively free from granules; sides granulate above. Hlytra (75x55 mm.) flattened on disc, strongly declivous posteriorly; puncto-striate; the interstices with evident, rather large granules, somewhat irregular on the central interstices, closer and more regular on the more lateral ones; sides with the seventh interstice granulate, the others non-granulate. Under-surface rather feebly concave over the metasternum and first abdominal segment; sub- glabrous, with scattered setigerous punctures, the fifth seg- ment with punctures closer and rather coarser at the apex. Anterior covae contiguous ; anterior and posterior tibiae evenly and moderately curved, intermediate tibiae feebly curved, all with small, but evident granules on the under-surface. ©. Differs in the more convex, nitid ventral surface, the punctures being apparently completely obsolete, except on the apical segment, where they are large and shallow, and in the straight posterior tibiae. Dam.—Male, 13 x5°5 mm. ; female, 14x6 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown), Onslow (C. French) ; North-western Australia. The golden maculae are irregularly distributed on the elytra, the white occur in association with the golden; on the prothorax the golden squames clothe the submarginal area, the white are limited to a small spot on each side at the middle of the lateral margin. Apart from the following species, I know of no described species closely allied to the present one. C. curvipes has much more strongly curved tibiae; C. creni- collis is a smaller insect, and differs in many ways. The species appears to have a wide distribution. The Onslow specimens, perhaps, represent a variety, as the prothorax is more evenly granulate all over; I do not regard it as specifically distinct. 82 CUBICORRHYNCHUS RECTIPES, Nn. Sp. 3g. Size comparatively large; in general appearance close to (. awreomaculatus. Black; densely, almost uniformly clothed with squames of a coppery-golden colour ; setae light- yellow; legs densely clothed with creamy squames. Rostrum much as in C. awreomaculatus. Head with the supra-ocular crests stronger, and projecting slightly forwards as well as upwards. Prothorax (4x45 mm.) apparently somewhat less transverse; the subapical constriction wider, less regular, the lateral margins more strongly and irregularly dentate; the anterior margin distinctly sinuate in the middle ; the posterior margin without granules, except the two central basal ones, which are slightly larger than in C. awreomacu- latus; disc with granules larger, arranged after the same plan. EHlytra (9x6 mm.) more obovate, feebly convex above; interstices with the granules slightly, but distinctly larger, somewhat variable in size; sides and under-surface as in C. aureomaculatus, except that the apical punctures are somewhat coarser. Anterior corae contiguous ; anterior tibiae rather feebly curved; posterior tibiae straight; granules on under-surface of tibiae fine, obscured by clothing. Q. Resembles male; clothing dense, variable, coppery- gold, variegated with darker brown and silvery-white; legs thickly clothed with whitish and coppery scales. Beneath convex, nitid, the intermediate segments each with a trans- verse row of shallow, rather wide, but almost obsolete punc- tures; apical segment with shallow punctures at apex, with a conspicuous creamy patch of squames, with coppery reflections, on either side; the other segments very feebly maculate at sides. Dim.—Male, 15 x6 mm.; female, 14x 6 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown). Type in author’s collection. The scales clothing this species are, particularly on the female, most beautiful when seen with a lens. The clothing of the female is variable, but in all specimens the coppery- metallic scales predominate. Many of the specimens show no silvery scales on the prothorax and elytra; in the female type, however, these are present along the middle and sides of the pronotum, and are scattered in irregular maculae on the elytra. The rostrum and anterior portion of the head are always clothed, except in the middle, with white or creamy squames, the posterior portion of the head being clothed with coppery-golden squames. Though closely allied to C’. aureomaculatus, this species is, I think, distinct. Apart from the clothing, and slight differences in the comparative sizes of the supra-orbital crests and of the granules, the male of (. rectipes may be readily distinguished by the straight 83 posterior tibiae. Mr. Brown informs me that C. awreomacu- latus is common about Cue, in damp localities; whereas C. rectipes is rare, and only found on red sandy soil about 12 miles from Cue. ACHERRES LATUS, 0. sp. Close to A. mamillatus, Pasc., but larger and wider. Black ; with scanty yellowish clothing in depressions. Rostrum and head as in A. mamullatus, but rostral crests more prominent. /Prothorax (2x25 mm.) comparatively narrow, subparallel on sides; strongly convex antero- posteriorly, and from side to side; with a deep median longi- tudinal impression, and irregularly bi-impressed near apex ; set with moderately large granules, about the same size as in A. mamillatus, each with an umbilicate puncture at apex. Elytra (65 x5°5 mm.) obovate, widest across infra-humeral tubercles, thence narrowing rather rapidly to base, and more gradually to apex; base about as wide as prothorax, gently emarginate, humeri moderately prominent; disc flattened above, moderately declivous towards sides, and strongly decliv- ous posteriorly ; with rows of moderately large, open, foveiform puctures, the intervening ridges not granulate; first and second interstices with a single row of low granules, each with a large umbiliform puncture; fourth with a few similar granules, anterior to middle; third and fifth each with a row of tuberculiform elevations, on the third, small, hardly elevated at base, merely indicated by the punctures, becoming larger posteriorly, the last three definitely tuberculiform, each with several open punctures, arranged in a cluster, the apical tubercle situated on the edge of the declivity ; fifth with a row of eight or nine, the basal ones small but evident, the apical four larger, spiniform, a small spinule present on declivity, the basal elevations with several punctures, the apical ones with a single puncture only; an infra-humeral tubercle present, situated on seventh interstice, low, rounded, irregularly punc- tate; lateral interstices not granulate. Beneath as in A. mamillatus. Dim.—10 x 5°5 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Cue, Lake Austin (H. W. Brown). Type in South Australian Museum. I am doubtful of the sex of the type, but think it is probably a male; four specimens are before me, but except for some difference in size I cannot indicate any sexual distinctions. The species is close to A. mamillatus, and perhaps should be regarded as a variety only. Compared with specimens of A. mamillatus from Geraldton, the present species differs in its larger size, more deeply channelled prothorax, and broader 84 elytra with larger punctures, larger and more definitely punctate granules, and smaller tubercles. ACHERRES PILOSUS, 0. sp. Small, elongate-ovate. Black; moderately densely covered with minute brownish squames ; midline of head and prothorax with a narrow, cinereous vitta, a similar, interrupted vitta along upper edge, and a less definite one along lower edge of the sides of the elytra; beneath maculate with cinereous in middle of metasternum and abdominal segments, and at sides of the two basal segments ; setae long and conspicuous. Head and rostrum as in A. mamillatus, but rostral crests longer, broader, more flattened out above. Prothoraxr (2x2 mm.) subcylindrical, convex antero-posteriorly, and from side to side; median line deeply impressed ; closely set with moderately large, conical granules, each bearing a long seta. Hlytra (6x4 mm.) strongly and evenly rounded on the sides; base gently emarginate, humeri slightly produced; seriate punctures open, foveiform, regular; interstices granu- late, sutural granules small, barely traceable, elsewhere small but larger and evident, rounded above, conical posteriorly and laterally, each with a long seta arising from a deep pucture ; granules arranged in single series, generally duplicated or triplicated on the third interstice, and occasionally elsewhere ; set close together, but farther apart on the more lateral inter- stices; sides with interstices more obsoletely granulate. Beneath with scattered setigerous punctures. Dim.— 9x4 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown). Type in author’s collection. Differs from all previously described species in having the elytra granulate, not tuberculate. The differences between this species and A. granulatus are noted under the latter. I think the type is probably a male, but there seems to be little sexual difference in this genus. ACHERRES GRANULATUS, N. sp. Very similar in general appearance to A. pilosus. Black; elytra with scattered, yellow maculae; setae short, dark: Kostral crests similar to those in A. pilosus, but slightly shorter, and more flattened out; antennal scape somewhat shorter, and much more incrassate at apex than in A. pilosus. Prothorax (2°5x2°5 mm.) similar to A. pilosus, but with mesial line much less strongly impressed. Flytra (6x5 mm.) in shape as in A. pi/osus, but more or less depressed along the suture ; punctures shallower, more open, less regular, and often ae 85 communicating across the interstices; granules larger, umbili- cate, quite definite on the sutural interstice, on the other interstices set rather farther apart than in A. pilosus, and generally in single series, larger, conical posteriorly and laterally. Dim.—8°5 x5 mm. Hab.—Australia (Blackburn’s collection); South Aus- tralia: Tarcoola (H. Hacker). Type in South Australian Museum. Founded on two specimens, probably males, without locality labels, from Blackburn’s collection. A third specimen is in Mr. Lea’s collection from Tarcoola. The species is closely allied to A. pilosus, but the differences noted above, especially those in the scape and elytral granules, appear to me sufficient to warrant their separation. A specimen in the Museum collection seems to me to belong to this species. The size is larger and the elytra are, relatively to the prothorax, much longer than in the type, and there are slight differences in the elytral sculpture. The specimen is from Central Aus- tralia, and measures 11x6 mm. AMORPHORHINUS MURICEUS, Nn. Sp. Small, elongate-ovate. Black; densely clothed with brown subpubescence, variegated with creamy on the elytra; © the light clothing forming a broad basal transverse band, a longitudinal patch on the suture at the apex, slightly touching the posterior tubercles and irregularly clothing the sides; sides of sternal and abdominal segments and the legs with light clothing punctate with black, ventral segments feebly macu- late in the centre, knees black. Rostrum short, wide, upper-surface slightly depressed in centre, rather coarsely punctured on the ridges; the external margins curved over the scrobes, depressed at base, the internal ridges nodulose, not very prominent. Head broad, front hardly concave, obsoletely longitudinally ridged, with a central median impression ; supra-ocular crests broad, project- ing outwards and slightly upwards. Prothorax (2x3 mm.) with the sides tuberculate-angulate in the middle ; ocular lobes feeble ; with an irregular depression on each side of apex, and well-defined median line, deepest posteriorly ; closely set with moderately large, somewhat mamilliform granules; sides granulate. Hlytra (5'5x4 mm.) widened on the sides posteriorly, rather strongly narrowed to apex; base strongly emarginate; humeri strongly advanced, cristiform, slightly inturned ; punctures obscured by clothing ; intrastrial granules rather prominent ; suture granulate about middle; third inter- stice slightly produced forwards at base, with small granules, becoming larger posteriorly, the last four or five definitely 86 tuberculiform, the second last the largest, tubercles ending at commencement of declivity; fifth interstice with a row of tubercles extending from humeral crests, which are outwardly serrate, posteriorly and somewhat outwardly, the basal tubercles small and granuliform, the last four or five stronger and definitely tuberculiform ; sides with a moderately strong infra-humeral spine. Ventral segments flat. Legs simple. Dim.-—9'5 x 4 mom. Hab.—Western Australia: South Perth, Mundaring (H. M. Giles), Gingin (H. J. Carter), Beverley (South Australian Museum). Type in author’s collection. Closely allied to A. polyacanthus, Pasc., under which name it appears in most Australian collections. A specimen was sent to Mr. Blair, who states that it is labelled “A. muriceus, Pasc.,” in the British Museum. I cannot, however, find any evidence of this name ever having been published. Mr. Blair kindly sent the type of A. polyacanthus for examination. Among other differences A. polyacanthus has the elytral tubercles much larger and more spiniform. It is possible that the two may be extreme forms of one species, but I do not think so. Too much stress should not be laid on differ- ences of tuberculation, but in this case the difference is decided, and is supported by several minor differences. I think also that more than one species are included under the allied species, A. australis; the form in the Museum collection, how- ever, appears to be typical. MELANEGIS HALMATURINA, N. sp. Small, elongate, subangulate at the sides posteriorly, much produced apically. Black; rather sparsely covered with minute dull-golden, subsquamose clothing ; the middle of the ventral segments and the legs with golden subsetose pubescence. Rostrum moderately long and narrow; the upper-surface deeply grooved along the middle; a strongly elevated ridge along each side of median sulcus, more elevated and strongly convex in profile posteriorly; a faint groove along the outer side of the posterior portion, probably indicating the separa- tion between the internal and external ridges. Scrobes curved. wide posteriorly, touching eyes. Head partly concealed by the prothorax, small, convex. Eyes flat, elongate- obovate, slightly compressed antero-posteriorly. Scape short, moderately incrassate externally. Prothorar (1°75 x 1°75 mm.) little widened, evenly rounded on sides, apical margin slightly produced over the head; ocular lobes moderately distinct ; dise with a deep median longitudinal impression, and a more irregular one towards each side ; the derm between the furrows raised into a strong ridge on each side, the lateral margins also 87 somewhat raised; ridges with moderately large, closely-set granules, one or two granules also present about the middle of the sublateral furrows; sides granulate. Hlytra (5 x 3 mm.) about as wide as prothorax at base, thence gradually but strongly widened to behind middle, then strongly narrowed to apex, the widest part forming an obtuse angle on each side, the apex much produced ; base deeply emarginate, the humeri strongly produced, the third interstices less strongly, but evidently, produced; disc with punctures obscured, with numerous fine granules irregularly arranged, partly intrastrial granules, partly granules belonging to the third and fifth interstices; with two transverse rows, each consisting of two nodulose elevations, the inner in each row situated the more posteriorly, the first row about the middle, the second across the edge of the declivity and forming the lateral angle; sides with rows of rather large punctures, the interstices with a few feeble granules. Beneath, flattened on the apical segments, slightly convex on the two basal ones, with a few scattered punctures. Legs simple; tarsi short, spongiose on each side of median furrow. Dim.—9x3 mm. Hab.—South Australia: Kangaroo Island (F. R. Zietz).. Type in South Australian Museum. I believe the specimen described to be a male, but can distinguish no sex characters in the short series before me. The nodulose elevations on the elytra are somewhat flattened above, and are situated primarily on the third and fifth inter- stices, but extend over and involve the adjacent ones ; the more posterior row is the larger. I am not at all sure that I have placed this interesting species in the correct genus, but as in general appearance and sculpture it approaches closest to Melanegis stygia, I am con- tent for the present to leave it in that genus. BRACHYMYCTERUS, n. gen. Short, relatively broad. Rostrwm short, wide, not excavate, the upper-surface with a deep, longitudinal, median impression. Scrobes curved, reaching eye. Scape short, widely ampliate and incrassate at extremity. Head convex. Prothorax rounded on sides, widest in front of middle, apex feebly rounded above; ocular lobes absent; granulate. Elytra wide, evenly rounded on sides, strongly declivous posteriorly ; base emarginate, with the first, third, and fifth interstices projecting anteriorly ; seriate punctate, interstices granulate. Tarsi short, broad. In general appearance not unlike a small species of Bubaris, and with a similar scape, the present genus differs in the absence of the ocular lobes. The propectus appears to 88 be slightly excavate, and, on this character, the species would fall, in Pascoe’s table of the Huomides, beside Amorphorhinus. Moreover, Mr. Blair informs me that specimens were placed in Pascoe’s collection at the end of that genus. The absence of the supra-ocular crests, iter alia, removes it, however, from Amorphorhinus. BRACHYMYCTERUS AURITUS, 0. sp. Small, ovate. Black; densely clothed with cinereous and brownish depressed subpubescence, the lighter colour pre- dominating in fresh specimens, the brown forming maculae, interspersed with metallic reddish-golden pubescence, this predominating along the median line. fostrum short, wide, not excavate; the upper-surface coarsely punctate, the median line deeply impressed, not differentiated into internal and external ridges. Head convex, a very feeble transverse impression present at the base of the rostrum, but not distinctly separating it from the head. Prothorax (1°75 x2 mm.) wide, broadest in front of middle, shightly narrowed to apex, more strongly narrowed to base; mesial and subapical impressions distinct ; closely set with small but prominent granules, subconical towards the sides. Llytra (455x3 mm.) wide, gently rounded on sides, more strongly rounded to base and apex; base gently emarginate, the first, third, and fifth interstices projecting anteriorly ; with regular rows of elongate punctures; interstices closely set with small granules, obscured by the clothing, more evident posteriorly. Beneath gently concave over the base of abdomen, the meta- sternum and first abdominal segment coarsely punctate. Dim.—6°'5 x 3 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown). Type in author’s collection. The clothing varies somewhat in different specimens, in some the light clothing predominating, in others the darker. The metallic colour is apparent only in certain lights. In the type, which I think is probably a male, there is absolutely no. trace of internal rostral ridges, and the head appears to run into the rostrum without interruption; in another specimen, however, there appear, when viewed from behind, to be two very feeble elevations at the base of the rostrum; these probably represent the internal ridges. This species adds another to the list of novelties discovered by Mr. Brown in Western Australia. CUCULLOTHORAX, n. gen. __ftostrum moderately long, separated from the head by a distinct transverse sulcus ; under-surface comparatively narrow, 89 composed of two parallel ridges, separated by a median linear impression ; side widely ampliate; scrobes moderately curved, ending not far from eye. Head strongly convex, partially concealed by prothorax; eyes rotundate, set well forward. Antennae moderately long; scape moderately incrassate, passing eye, but not reaching prothorax ; funicle six-jointed ; club obovate. Prothorax strongly produced into a cowl-like median lobe, enclosing and partly concealing the head ; ocular lobes present, small ; disc of pronotum passing into sides with- out definite demarcation. Hlytra narrow, slightly widened posteriorly ; posterior declivity almost perpendicular; with three rows of tubercles on each side of back. Under-surface sloping posteriorly and dorsally from metasternum to apex of second segment, thence practically flat to apex; prosternum not apparently excavate ; metasternum moderately short. Legs moderately long, simple ; anterior tarsal-joints short ; posterior moderately long. The above genus is proposed for a most extraordinary looking weevil. I think I am correct in assigning it to the Amycterides, although I have seen it in Sydney collections placed among the Aterpides. Although, in general facies, unlike any Amycterid known to me, critical examination has failed to reveal any character definitely excluding it from that subfamily. The mouth parts I have not been able to dissect out, but as far as I can judge on external examination, they do not differ trom the Amycterid type. The rostral structure is not dissimilar from other Euomid genera. The six-jointed funicle is typical of the Amycterides, although Aterpus has also a _ six-jointed funicle. The short metasternum without visible episterna is also characteristic. The tarsi are like those of many other Amycterid genera. The dissimilarity of the genus from other Amycterid genera arises from the shape of the prothorax, and the setting of the elytral tubercles. In regard to the prothorax, the extension is not more extra- ordinary than, though very different from, that of Dialeptopus, to which genus, indeed, Cucullothorax seems most nearly allied. The elytral tubercles are set on the back, in three rows, placed closely together. I believe that these rows prob- ably represent the first, third, and fifth interstices, the inter- mediate ones having been crowded out and obliterated. In other Amycterid genera it is difficult to trace the intermediate interstices. I might add that Mr. A. M. Lea agrees with me in allocating this genus to the Amycterides. CUCULLOTHORAX HORRIDUS, Nn. sp. Small, elongate. Black; subnitid, elytral tubercles: diluted with red. Setae small, black. 90 Head with rather large, somewhat obsolete, punctures. Rostrum rather coarsely punctate along dorsal ridges and on sides; not excavate above, with a deep median linear sulcus, dividing the surface into two parallel ridges. Eyes small, round; their anterior margin almost impinging on base of rostrum. Antennae with second funicular joint longer than the first. Prothorax (3'5 x3 mm.) almost oval as viewed from above, convex; as viewed from side, strongly produced upwards and forwards to apex, then turning downwards to form a large hood- or cowl-shaped median lobe enclosing head, the cavity for the head looking downwards and forwards; closely set with rather strong, rounded, setigerous granules, the depressions between the granules forming, on the sides, a foveate reticulum, most marked near coxae. EHlytra (6 x 3°25 mm.) narrow, gradually widened from base to beyond middle, greatest width not wider than prothorax; apex strongly rounded, flanged by a thickened margin on either side, with a small but distinct median emargination; base with four tuberculiform projections extending anteriorly; each elytron with three rows of strong subconical tubercles above ; the rows closely placed, the depressions of the striae hardly, if at all, traceable; the tubercles fairly closely set in the rows, their apices obsoletely multipunctate; the tubercles larger in the more external rows, and in all the rows increasing in size posteriorly; sides with three rows of depressed, closely set, tubercles, the intervals more definitely puncto-striate. Beneath with moderately large, round punctures on coxae, sterna, and the two basal ventral segments, fewer and smaller on the other segments ; fifth segment not excavate. Legs moderately long; anterior coxae contiguous; femora rather strongly curved; tibiae simple. Dim.—10 x 3°25 mm. Hab.—Western Australia: Mount Barker (A. M. Lea), Warren River (W. D. Dodd). Type in South Australian Museum. I think the type is probably a male, but have not ventured to dissect it to make certain. The specimen from Warren River differs somewhat in having a transverse, scar-like impres- sion near the basal third of the prothorax, apically to which the projection of the median lobe suddenly rises. The elytral tubercles are of a much more pronounced red colour, and the rostral punctures are somewhat coarser. I do not think it is specifically distinct, as the scar of the prothorax appears to me unnatural, and to some extent the insect is therefore a monstrosity. If, however, further specimens should be found to bear this peculiarity i in the prothorax, it will be necessary to specifically separate it. 91 SYNONYMIC NOTES ON A RECENT CATALOGUE OF CICADIDAE IN THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. By Howarp Asaron. (Communicated by A. M. Lea.) [Read April 8, 1915.] Amongst the species described in my recent Catalogue of the Cicadidae of the South Australian Museum (©) are several from Cue, Western Australia, collected by H. W. Brown. In respect to some of these, I find I have been forestalled by Mr. W. L. Distant in the Magazine of Natural History (xii., 1913). The following are the synonyms :— AsBRIcTA Noctua, Dist., Mag. Nat. Hist., xu., 1913, p. 487. | Abricta rufomgra, Ashton, Proc. Roy. Soc., S.A., xxxvill., 1914, p. 349, pl. xvii., figs. 6, 6a, 60. Kosonea FROGGATTI, Dist., Mag. Nat. Hist., xu., 1913, p. 490. Kobonga castanea, Ashton, Proc. Roy. Soc., S.A..,. xxxvil., 1914, p. 351, p. xvu., figs. 5, 5a. MELAMPSALTA CUENSIS, Dist., Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1913, p. 489. Melampsalta hermannsburgensis, Dist., Ashton, Proc. Roy. Soc., 8.A., xxxvili., 1914, p. 354 (nec. Dist. ). ERRATUM. Ashton, Proc. Roy. Soc., §.A., xxxvill., 1914, p. 354, for M. susBGLUSA read M. SUBGULOSA. (1) Ante, 1914, pp. 345-358. 92 AN INSECT-CATCHING GRASS (Cenchrus australis, R. Br.). By Artuur M. Lea, F.E.S., Museum Entomologist. {Contribution from the South Australian Museum. | [Read April 8, 1915.] PratTe xe In 1892 when on the Tweed River in New South Wales _I saw a large and powerful beetle, Lamprima aurata, strug- gling on the seed-head of a grass, apparently without power to escape. It was caught by a lind leg. The grass was growing close to a small watercourse and in rather deep shade; on looking around many other specimens, mostly flies and small Hymenoptera, were seen caught by the same kind of grass. In 1912 I again came across the grass at Tolga Junction near Cairns in Queensland, but there it was growing ia the open, at the sides of roads and tracks. In such situations it grows, in rather thick clumps, to a height of about 2 feet, the heads ranging from 5 to 7 inches in length, and being thickly covered with dark (almost black) burr-like objects, these being the seed-coverings. The burrs often catch in horses’ manes and tails, in the hair of dogs and wool of sheep, and mat these together, as other burrs do. At Tolga Junction many insects were caught by the grass, in particular thousands of a destructive species of ladybird, Epilachna 28 punctata, and of a soldier-beetle, Telephorus masters’; a moth measuring 2 inches across the expanded wings was caught, and several fairly large grasshoppers. Many of the specimens were dead and more or less in frag- ments, but many were alive and doing their best to escape. It was not uncommon to see from two to ten insects on one head, and sometimes one insect would be attached to two heads. Fragments of the largest Australian tenebrionid, Chartopteryx wmperialis (a bulky beetle measuring over an inch in length), were seen on one head. Most of the insects were caught by the hind portion of the body or by the legs, very few by the head. The insects appear to have been crossing in a casual way when the burrs caught and detained them; but no doubt many of them were attracted by the sight of those already trapped, and went Vol. XXXIX., Plate IX. HUSSEY & GILLINGHAM LIMITED, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS ADELAIDE, SO. AUS. ’ aes Pie J Pa ee Fa ie “ a Ae | 93 either to mate with or to devour them; but once an insect got a leg or any portion of its body in the fringe around the seed it was doomed. Watching a clump of grass it was quite common to see an insect walk casually over a head, and sud- denly commence to struggle when caught; not one was seen to escape after being caught. The catching of the insects appears to be purely mechani- cal, and of no use whatever to the grass, whose heads have an average of about 80 burrs, each of which is surrounded by a fringe of prickly hairs, averaging about 50. On examining a Prickty Harr or GrRAss (GREATLY MAGNIFIED). hair under the microscope it is seen to be thickly studded with minute spines directed backwards; the spines are semi- transparent, and look like minute and exceedingly sharp triangles of glass. There appears to be an average of at least 500 to each hair, or a total of 2,000,000 (80 x 50 x 500) to the average head of grass. Some of the Tolga specimens were sent to Mr. J. H. Maiden (Government Botanist of New South Wales), who wrote that the grass was ‘‘Cenchrus australis, and I have known of it as an insect-catching grass for a number of years, but do not know how the information first came to me. I think you would be quite justified in drawing attention to the matter in a scientific journal.”’ I have therefore thought it desirable to bring the matter under the notice of the Royal Society of South Australia, as I have never seen any reference to it in any publication, and Mr. Turner did not refer to its insect-catching habits when dealing with the species in his monograph of the Aus- tralian grasses. () EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Heads of grass with ‘trapped insects (from photograph by Edgar R. Waite). () Agri. Gaz., N.S.W., vol. iv., p. 83. 94 ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA‘tOF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. No. 8. By J. M. Brack. [Read May 13, 1915.] PLATE X. POTAMOGETONACEAE.—Pectinella. The inspection of further specimens leads me to believe that what I had classed (Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., xxxvii., 4) as two forms of P. antarctica are really two well- marked species. The distinc- tion is as follows :— * Folus brevibus (laminé 12-35 mm. longa, vaginéd 8-10 mm. longa), pedunculis brevissimis, floribus femineis circulo bract- eolarum cinctis, styli ramo extimo bifido. . . . P. antarctica. Folus longioribus (lamindé 40-70 mm. longa, vaginé 15-20 mm. longa), pedunculis conspicuis, floribus femineis ebracteo- latis, stylt ramo extimo indiviso. . . . P. Griffithii, sp. n. As regards pl. 1. of vol. xxxvu., figs. 2 and 10 show the female and male flowers of P. Griffithi; figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6 show the female flower of P. antarctica, but in No. 3 the peduncle is made too long. Fig. 10 shows the anthers of P. Grifithu.. In November, 1913, Mr. H. H. D. Griffith (after whom the new species is called) found at Henley Beach the male and young female flower of P. antarctica; both are almost sessile, whereas even in the very young female flower of P. Griffith the peduncle is twice as long as the ovaries. Owing to the difference in length of the leaf and of the sheathing-base the two species are distinguishable at a glance, whether fresh or dried. Labillardiére’s drawing shows that his Ruppia antarctica was our P. antarctica, and the same remark applies to Gaudichaud’s description and figure of the male flower. The outermost style-branch of P. antarctica is. again divided into two branches, and this species flowers a couple of months earlier than the other. GRAMINEAE.—Sporobolus virginicus, Kunth., var. palli- dus, Benth. This slender form, very different from the: maritime type in appearance, has been gathered near the- River Murray in South Australia (exact locality unknown) by S. A. White and H. H. D. Griffith. CHENOPODIACEAE.—Bassia inchoata, J. M. Black (see Trans. Roy. Soc) usaans 222 val, 462). Professor Ewart suggests that this new Central Australian species would be- 95 better placed under Threlkeldia. Certainly if Bassa salsu- ginosa, F. v. M., be retained in Threlkeldia, which was Mueller’s second choice (see Fragm., vii., 12), then B. inchoata must also be placed in that genus. It seems a more practical arrangement to restrict Bassa to the spinous species, and I therefore propose to rename B. inchoata as Threlkeldia obliqua. AMARANTACEAE.—Trichinium Whiter, J. M. Black (see ‘Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., xxxvili., 464). CARYOPHYLLACEAE.—Herniaria hirsuta, L. Woolshed Flat, near Quorn (November, 1914, Miss J. Mills). Replies have not yet been received as regards specimens submitted to European botanists, so that there is a possibility of error in a genus where the specific distinctions are so slight. An exactly similar specimen, gathered near Wallaroo in Novem- ber, 1880, is in the Tate Herbarium, placed under Cheno- podium cristatum. H. hirsuta is a Mediterranean and Central European plant, and appears from the foregoing to have been established for some time in South Australia, but is probably localized and rare. ‘The same may be true of H. mmeana, Lam., which was found in the eighties near Blanche- town on the Murray and at Aroona Water, in the Far North, and was recorded by Mueller and Tate as indigenous. Evi- dently, however, there was plenty of time for its introduction from Europe during half a century of settlement. (Since the above was written, the determination of H. hirsuta has been confirmed by the authorities at Kew and at the Muséum @ histoire naturelle, Paris.) LEGUMINOSAE.—In the Flora Australiensis, u., 177, Bentham states that the anthers of Goodia are ‘‘all versatile, alternately smaller,’’ and this description is repeated in all the botanical works dealing with the genus which I have seen. The fact is, that the anthers of Goodia (like those of Bossiaea and Platylobium) are all uniform and versatile (dorsifixed), while the filaments are alternately long and short in the bud, but become almost equal in length when the flower opens. In Templetoma and Hovea not only are the filaments alter- nately long and short, but the long filaments bear long basi- fixed anthers and the short filaments bear short dorsifixed anthers. In these two genera also the filaments tend to become equal in the open flower. In the bud of Crotalaria five of the filaments are long and broad, bearing long, basi- fixed anthers, while the five alternate filaments are short and slender, bearing short, dorsifixed anthers; in the expanded flower the position is reversed, for the slender filaments have grown until the short anthers far surpass the long ones, and 96 so keep pace with the elongated style. The place of attach- .ment in the dorsifixed anthers varies somewhat. Thus in Crotalaria the small anthers are lobed at base and the filament is inserted on the back of the anther and close to its base. In Goodia the anther is orbicular and entire, and the inser- tion is higher up, nearly in the middle of the back. None of these anthers are versatile in the sense in which that word is applied to the anthers of many liliaceous plants and grasses (pl. x.). Pultenaea cymbifolia, sp. nova. (tab. Lae Be Fruticulus ramosus, ramulis folusque novellis incanis, folus parvis (3-4 mm. longis) confertis decussatis scabris mucronulatis infra valde convexis margine revolutis, stipulis conspicuis patentibus, floribus lutets paucis terminalibus subsessilibus, ~ bracteolis lato-lanceolatis ad basin calycis imsertis, calyce albo-pubescente S mm. longo, lobis 2 superioribus magnis oblique obovatis mucronatis lobos inferiores lanceolato- subulatos multo suwperantibus, petalis calyce paulo longioribus, vexiuli lamind duplo latiore quam longa infra bidenticulata, ovariovilloso. Between Kingscote and Cassini, K.IL., flowering May, 1914 (H. W. Andrew). Section Huchilus, and near P. rotundifolia, Benth., and P. calycina, Benth., but differs from both in the convex mucronate leaves, the larger stipules, etc. THYMELAEACEAE.—Pimelea continua, sp. nova. (tab. x.). Herba erecta ramosa appresse puberula, folus alternis lineartbus, bracteis folws similibus paucis caducis, spicd quniore capituliformi multiflora, rhachi fructiferd ad circiter 15 mm. elongaté continua densd pmilosd, perrianthu tubo villosulo circumscisso 3 mm. longo, epicarpio membranaceo endocarpio striato-punctulato. Sent from Ketchowla (north- east of Hallett) to the Department of Agriculture in January, 1911, by a correspondent who desired to know whether the plant was poisonous. Only the upper part was received. _ Belongs to the subsection Choristachys, and is near P. sumplex and P. sericostachya, but differs from the first in the head lengthening into a fruiting spike and from the latter in the dense and compact character of the spike and the smaller flowers. MyoporacEAE.—Vremophila neglecta, J. M. Black. See Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., xxxvill., 469; also note on the similarity of this species to H. viscida, Endl., in ‘“‘Botany’’ of Captain White’s expedition to the Musgrave and Everard Ranges. CompositaE.—Senecio odoratus, Hornem., var. obtusi- folius. This maritime variety, rare at Port Elliot, has been Vol. XXXIX., Plate X. Pimelea conlinuad sp.nova. a 97 found growing at Robe (Miss C. D. Black). Griffithia helipteroides, J. M. Black. This name should be deleted and replaced by the prior one of Helipterum oppositifoliwm, 8. Moore, in Journ. Bot., ann. 1897, p. 165. Moore’s specimens came from Coolgardie, Western Australia, and mine from the Gawler Ranges, South Australia. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X. Pultenaea cymbifolia, n. sp. 1, lower face of leaf; 2, standard; 3, calyx spread open (outside view); 4, pistil. Pimelea continua, n. sp. 5, perianth; 6, pistil; 7, perianth spread open (inner view); 8, fruit; 9, endocarp after removal of epicarp; 10, seed; 11, embryo. Stamens of Leguminosae. 12, stamens of Goodia lotifolia, Salisb.; 13, dorsifixed anther of Goodia; 14, stamens of Templetonia egena, Benth. (from bud); 15, the same (from open flower); 16, stamens of Crotalaria dissitiflora, Benth. (from bud); 18, the same (from open flower); 17, dorsifixed anther of Crotalaria. 98 ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF LEUCOPOGON. By Epwin CHEE, Botanical Assistant, National Herbarium, Sydney. (Communicated by J. H. Maiden, Honorary Fellow). [Read May 13, 1915.] In May, 1911, Dr. J. Burton Cleland made a collection of about fifty-seven species of plants in the neighbourhood of Coonalpyn, Ninety-mile Desert, South Australia, which apparently has been imperfectly explored, and the two fol- lowing species of plants included therein appear to be undescribed : — LEUCOPOGON CLELANDI, n. sp. Frutex parvus erectus 5-6 poll. altus, ramis gracilibus implicatis paulo .pubescentibus, foliis parvis obovatis vel ovatis, leviter basi cordatis sessilibus, 14 lin. longis convexis supra glabris subtus minute pubescentibus striatisque apice mucronatis, floribus solitariis in axillis foliorum pedunculo leviter recurvo circiter 14 lin. longo, bracteis minutis, bracteolis 2 longis 4-2 lin. acutis, sepalis 14-2 lin. longis acuminatis, corolla extra tuba hirsuto sepales aequante, lobis acuminatis leviter recurvis circiter 4 lin. Ovario dense hirsuto 5 squamis linearibus, styla corollam paene aequante filiforme. An erect, small shrub about 5 to 6 inches high, with somewhat intricate slender branches, which are more or less pubescent. Leaves small, obovate to ovate, slightly cordate at the base, sessile, about 14 lines long, convex, glabrous above, minutely pubescent and striate beneath, with a dis- tinct mucro at the apex. Flowers solitary in the axil of the leaves on a slightly recurved peduncle about 14 lines long. Bracts very minute; bracteoles two, about one-third as long as the sepals, sharply pointed; sepals 14 to 2 lines long, acuminate. Corolla slightly hairy outside the tube, equal in length with the sepals, with acuminate, slightly-reflexed lobes about 3 line long. Ovarium densely hirsute, with five — linear scales; style about as long as the corolla; filiforme. The species has affinities with L. cordifolius, Lindl., but may be distinguished by the much smaller leaves and distinct floral characters. The species has been named in honour of Dr. J. Burton Cleland, Principal Microbiologist, Department of Public 99 Health, Sydney, New South Wales, who has made several valuable collections of Australian plants, and presented them to the National Herbarium, Sydney. LEUCOPOGON INTERMEDIUS, N. sp. Ramis gracillimis diffusisque, ramulis minute pubescentibus, foliis glabris 24-34 lin. paulo recurvis oblongo-ellipticis et mucronatis, floribus paene sessilibus solitariis. vel raro per paria in axillis foliorum, bracteis minutis, bracteolis tribus vel pluribus acutis maxima longa paene 3 lin., sepalis 1} lin. longis acuminatis, corolla tuba gracile sepales aequante, lobis tubam aequantibus, primum inflatis elongatis acuminatis demum recurvis detegentibus magnas fuscas antheras, ovario glabro cincto disco undulato anulato, stilo paene corollam aequante, stig- mate leviter capitato. Habit of plant not given, but the branches of the specimens examined are slender and of a straggling nature; the branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves glabrous, 24 to 34 lines long, slightly recurved, oblong-elliptical, tapering into a pungent point. Flowers almost sessile, solitary (or rarely in pairs) in the axil of the leaves. Bracts minute: bracteoles 3 or more, acute, the largest barely more than 4 line long. Sepals 14 lines long, acuminate. Corolla tube slender, about as long as the sepals, the lobes about as long as the tube, at first inflated, and tapering at the apex into an acute point, afterwards recurving and exposing the rather large dark-coloured anthers. Ovarium glabrous, surrounded by a wavy annular disc; style nearly as long as the corolla with a slightly capitate stigma. ; This has close affinities with ZL. hirtellus, F. v. M., and L. Fraseri, A. Cunn., and is intermediate between the two species, but may be distinguished from the former by the leaves and branchlets being glabrous, and from the latter in the leaves being less acuminate and smooth margin, whereas those of L. Fraseri have the margin minutely serrulate. I desire to express my thanks to Miss Frances Graham for kind assistance. E2 100 ON THE OCCURRENCE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA OF TWO PREVIOUSLY UNRECORDED FERNS (FILICES). By Epwin Asupy, M.B.O.U. [Read May 13, 1915.] SITUATION. During the first week in January last (1915) I had an opportunity to inspect the cliffs on the River Murray, in the Hundred of Younghusband, commencing about half a mile above the so-called township of Younghusband, on the left bank of the river. The cliffs are nearly half a mile in length and, I should judge, about 100 feet in height, and almost vertical. They face a little to the south of east. The rock is of a porous nature, the moisture from the river rising by capillary attraction for several feet above the level of the water. The lower portion of the cliffs has been worn away in places into shallow shelves, and here and there softer layers of rock have weathered away for some distance back from the river front, forming shallow caves. The ferns are growing more or less continuously for almost the whole length of the cliffs, but rarely higher than a few feet above water level. They are growing luxuriantly in the seams of softer material, overhung by horizontal layers of harder rock. In some cases I should judge that the fronds of Pteris tremula were fully 2 feet long. I was only able to land in one or two places and identify two species of ferns, both I believe previously unrecorded from this State; it is quite possible that further investigations may reveal others. DESCRIPTION. I had no difficulty in recognizing one of the ferns as Pteris tremula, R. Br., a fern familiar to all who visit the damp tree-fern gullies of Victoria, New South Wales, and elsewhere under similar conditions. The other species was evidently an Aspidiwm, and I con- cluded that as Professor Ralph Tate’s ‘‘Handbook of the Flora of Extratropical South Australia’’ gives the Murray Cliffs as a locality for Aspidiwm molle, Swartz, that these specimens must be referable to that species. I think it pos- sible that that species has been included in our flora through misidentification, but without reference to the original speci- mens this cannot be determined. 101 On sending specimens of the two ferns to the Assistant ‘Curator of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Mr. F. Pitcher, he writes confirming my identification of the one as Pteris tremula, R. Br.; the other he determines, on reference to their Herbarium, as Aspidiwm unitum, var. propinquum, F. M. Bailey, and comments on it as follows:—‘‘The other specimen appears to be that of Aspidiwm wunitum, var. propinguum, F. M. By. It is much more deeply lobed and has more acute dentations than is the case in 4. molle. It ‘corresponds to our specimen under that name, although, as far as I can ascertain, 4. wnitwm, is only recorded from Wes- tern Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, and North Australia. The variety propinqguum was so named by F. M. Bailey, and is found in Queensland.”’ PECULIAR CONDITIONS. - The circumstances under which these two ferns occur are very remarkable. The climatic conditions which obtain at the locality (20 miles above Mannum) are of the dry arid character common to districts with a similar low rainfall. ‘The two conditions that make it possible for these two ferns (whose true habitat is in a moist and more or less continuously wet climate) to live in such a locality are moisture derived by capillary attraction from the river and the aspect, shaded as it is during the greater part of the day from the sun’s rays. It is just possible that the evaporation of the water of the river may give a moisture to the atmosphere immedi- ately surrounding the ferns, and thus, to some extent, miti- gate the effects of the dry, scorching winds so common in that locality. ORIGIN. There are only two possible hypotheses, as far as I can see, to account for their occurrence in this locality. Either they are survivals, the sole remaining representatives of the time when the Murray Valley was blest with an abundant rainfall, or the spores of these ferns were carried by the agency of the river and retained their vitality throughout their long journey from the mountains where the River Mur- ray, or the River Darling, has its source in far-off New South Wales or Queensland. The identification of one of the specimens with a variety that has only been recorded from Queensland throws con- siderable light on the subject, and suggests that the source from which the spores originally came was in the mountains of Queensland, where the river Barwon, or other tributary of the Darling, has its rise. If this surmise is correct the spores must have travelled some 2,200 miles. 102 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN EUMOLPIDES (COLEOPTERA CHRYSOMELIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By Arruur M. Lea, F.E.S., Museum Entomologist. [Contribution from the South Australian Museum.| [Read April 8, 1915.] Puates V. to VIII. The HLumolpides are represented by an abundance of species in most parts of Australia, and many of the species are ~ extremely abundant in specimens, the young foliage of Eucalypti being often considerably injured by them.” The species are frequently brilliantly metallic, and often cause young trees to appear to be studded with gems; nevertheless, the Australian members of the subfamily have been greatly neglected, probably on account of the difficulties that must have been experienced by almost every worker in trying to get some ideas as to the generic and super-generic features. Baly in 1860 wrote of “The chaotic state of the Humol- pidae, the crowd of species which remain unnamed and un- arranged in our collections, and the want of generic landmarks. . . . .’ At the present time (1915) the subfamily appears to be in a still more chaotic state. The fact seems to be that in the subfamily very few genera have strongly-marked dis- tinguishing features, and this fact should be taken into consideration when the subfamily is again considered as a whole. Thus in checking former descriptions I have examined not only the species of the genus to which a description would apparently refer, but all others of the subfamily; and this I believe to be essential in many groups of Australian Coleoptera, if it is desired to avoid very extensive synonymy. The absence of constant generic features renders it probable that exception will be taken to many of my generic references ; more particularly in Cleptor, Colaspoides, Agetinus, and Geloptera; but it is practically certain that almost every author will attach different values to various combinations of features. In Hdusa, for instance, whilst the pubescent species are seldom aberrant, the glabrous ones might have been referred to (1) With the exception of Geloptera tuberculata I know of no species that is at all seriously destructive to cultivated plants. (2) Except Agetinella minuta and Platycolaspis australis; but of these I have seen authenticated specimens. 103 various other genera, glabra might quite as well have been referred to Cleptor, and some others to Geloptera or Colaspoides. I have, in fact, generically separated several species of Cleptor and Edusa, that at first glance would appear to belong to but one genus.) With few exceptions the Australian genera are either now, or once were, monotypic, and very few are sharply defined. To the original species of many genera additions frequently appear to have been made at random, characters regarded by some authors as important beng regarded by others as unim- portant. There is, therefore, great difficulty in apportioning many species to their correct genera, and it is very desirable in most cases to make sure of the original species, if this can possibly be done. Unfortunately for Australian workers, the typical species is often ex-Australian. The main features relied upon for dividing the subfamily into genera, and groups of genera, are the front margin of the prosternal episternum (highly unsatisfactory), the presence or otherwise of a notch near the outer apex of each of the four hind tibiae (a very useful feature, although the notches are sometimes very feeble), the presence or otherwise of rugosities on the elytra caused by the punctures becoming transversely confluent (a feature that is sometimes variable within the limits of a species, and is almost always variable in a large genus), the upper-surface glabrous or clothed, the claws, the sides of the prothorax,® and the femoral dentition. So much importance has been attached to the front margin of the prosternal episternum by various authors that it is necessary to give special consideration to same. A sketch of the prosternum of Rhyparida dimidiata has, therefore, been made, and the letters on same will serve as an index to the names of the parts as regarded by Leconte and followed by (3) See note at Cleptor bigener. (4) Simple appendiculate or bifid. I doubt if they are ever truly simple; even in Spilopyra each claw (pl. vii., fig. 101) has a slight basal swelling. The change from an appendiculate claw to a bifid one is frequently so gradual that it is dificult to define a dividing line, so that*(as previously pointed out by Mr. Blackburn) the decision as to the nature of a claw must often be an arbitrary one. (5) Evenly rounded in middle, dentate or subdentate. - Also highly unsatisfactory. (6) The presence or otherwise of teeth on the femora (usually on the front pair only) would appear at first to be very satisfactory characters, especially as the teeth, when present, are often of large size; but in many species it is difficult to decide as to whether the femora are only angulate or truly dentate, and the teeth are sometimes so small that they could be easily overlooked. 104 Sharp (with some slight alterations). The parts are as follows : — a. Medisternum (in the subfamily the coxae are so large that for all practical ea purposes this may be re- garded as an intercoxal pro- cess). 06. Episternum. c. Epimeron. d. Coxal cavity. e. Inflexed side of pronotum. But as in the subfamily RHYPARIDA DIMIDIATA. there is a sharply-defined border between the upper- and lower-surfaces of the prothorax, I prefer to call this the flank of the prosternum. ?) It is, therefore, part 6 to which so much importance is attached: Baly (8) referred to this as the “‘antero-lateral pro- cess (or plate) of the ante-pectus,’ and he puts beyond all question the part he so named by giving six figures on plate i., in which at 6 this part is specially indicated. He also stated that “this process varies much in shape, and might often, I think, be made available in determining the limits of the genera in this difficult group of insects.’ Subsequently (9) he refers to it as ‘the anterior episternum. This part was formerly named by me the antero-lateral process of the ante-pectus.” And apparently he then attached much less importance to it than at first. Chapuis, however, attached primary importance to it, and founded the main divisions of the subfamily upon its front edge being convex or concave.7° In this he was followed by Lefevre.71) They were, no doubt, deceived as to its import- ance by the examination of but few species of even the larger genera ; aS where large series of species are available it is quite evident that its front edge is variable. The lower-surface of each side of the head immediately in front of the process and behind the eye usually has a transverse or oblique elevation, frequently hairy, and often concealed unless the head is quite free from the body. When the head is resting on the breast (the normal condition of unset specimens) the episternum and (7) Although seldom of generic use its punctures and striae are- frequently of use in distinguishing allied species, but some a tie Mae of the front legs is usually necessary to see these- (8) Jour. of Ent., i., p. 25. (9) Z..0., Al, Oe ae. (10) Gen. Coleopt., x., 1874. (11) Kumolpidarum Catalogus, 1885. 105 elevation are so closely approximated that it is difficult to separate them, more especially on such species as have the under-surface clothed. It appears to me quite possible that, in some cases, owing to the clothing, the front of the elevation on the head has been regarded as the front of the episternum, and consequently the same has been noted as convex, when it was really concave. Moreover, the clothing frequently obscures the lateral sutures of the episternum, and to see these at all clearly, even when the derm is glabrous, the legs must be forced aside. A certain amount of ambiguity also seems inseparable from the use of a word signifying the elevation of surface when applied to the edge of same. Strictly speaking, when a flat margin is produced forwards with a rounded outline it should be called rounded, not convex; conversely, when pro- duced backwards with an incurved outline, it should be called incurved (in some cases emarginate), not concave. But in Rhyparida, some species have the front portion of the episternum perfectly flat, with the margin itself rounded or slightly incurved ; on other species the front of it is slightly depressed (concave), or feebly elevated (convex), with the margin similarly rounded or incurved; but on nearly all the species the greater portion of each side of the prosternum is depressed. In Hdusa the front margin of the episternum, whilst normally feebly rounded, is sometimes incurved. To strictly apply Chapuis’ and Lefevre’s definitions, therefore, the species of each of these genera would be distributed between the two main divisions of the subfamily. Moreover, the point of view from which the margin is examined must be taken into con- sideration. From behind (and owing to the front being frequently partially concealed by the overlapping palpi or base of head this must have frequently been the point of view) the front margin may appear to be gently rounded, but the same margin when examined perpendicularly to its middle (the only correct way of seeing its true shape) may appear to be quite straight or even gently incurved; nor is it always sharply defined even when free of clothing ; so that on small specimens its use has often to be abandoned.(2) Whatever may be the case in other parts of the world, I have found it quite impos- sible to rely upon parts of the prosternum to separate Australian genera of the subfamily. Lefevre’s table was a translation (with a few additions) into Latin from Chapuis’ table in French. Excluding all groups not recorded as Australian, and transposing some of (12) See also comments under Colaspoides picticornis. 106 the lines to bring the table into similar shape to others given herein, it might be done into English as follows: — A. Prosternal episterna with front margin straight or concave, internal angle never produced forwards. a. Claws appendiculate or simple. . Four hind tibiae simple, the middle ones sometimes lightly emarginate towards eran c. Claws simple .. s cc. Claws appendiculate. d. Prothorax with sides more or less dentate or undulated .. dd. Prothorax with sides entire, rarely subdentate bb. Four hind tibiae strongly emar- ginate towards apex a . Claws bifid. ie Head deeply sulcate behind eyes ee. Head not so sulcate. f. Four hind tibiae strongly emar- ginate towards apex , ff. Four hind tibiae entire ..._ : AA. Prosternal episterna with front mar- gin convex, internal angle pro- pated forwards, sometimes strongly B. Elytra towards sides more or less strongly rugose HY ay ge BB. Elytra not so sculptured. C. Upper - surface pubescent or squamose eat | ee CC. Upper-surface glabrous. D. Four hind tibiae emarginate towards outer apex .. DD. Four hind tibiae simple, the middle ones jee subemar- ginate oi Spilopyritae (13) Colaspitae (14) Iphimeitae (15) Tomyritae (16) Scelodontitae (17) Metachromitae (18) Eumolpitae (19) Edusitae (20) M yochroitae (21) Typophoritae (22) Endocephalitae (23) The tibiae are frequently noice and the notches are of considerable use in distinguishing genera and species. In some genera each of the four hind tibiae (the middle pair often more noticeably than the hind ones) has a notch near the outer (13) Spilopyra. (14) Colaspis, Agetinus, Hypoderes, Geloptera, and Dermorhytis- (15) Noda, Alittus, and Terillus. (16) Tomyris. (17) Scelodonta. (18) Rhyparida. (19) Colasposoma. (20) Thaumastomerus, Ocnida, Edusa, and Cleptor. (21) Neocles. (22) Typophorus, Eurydemus, and Cleorina. (23) Colaspoides. 107 apex, bounded behind by a small tooth or swelling (figs. 102-104, 108), and not running on to the general line of the tibia, notches of this character have been, and are here, regarded as of generic importance. Frequently, however, the tibiae near the apex are clothed (at the position of the notches) with some silvery hairs, and in certain lights these cause the tibiae to appear notched ; where the apex of the tibia is dilated and the incurved space behind same runs on to the general line (figs. 133 and 135) this has not been considered as a true notch. A notch is frequently at the apex itself, and in such the basal joint (or part of same) of the tarsus can rest ; it is usually due to a strong ridge or carina on each side of the upper edge of the tibia, which at the apex project on each side of the notch like flanges. On some species (figs. 128 and 141) also there is a more or less triangular notch at the lower apex (or near same) of the front, or of the four hind ones, or of the hind ones only. The notches in the upper-surface or apex are not confined to one sex, although they are sometimes more pro- nounced on the males than on the females; but when on the lower-surface of the hind tibiae they are confined to the males. The pygidium frequently semi-circularly encroaches on the apical segment of the abdomen, so that this appears to be composed of six segments instead of five; this is usually more noticeable on the males than on the females. Although the greater portion of the pygidium is normally concealed, it is sometimes accidentally uncovered, and on all such specimens its hind part is seen to have a deep median groove. In a subfamily many of whose species are characterized by great variability of size and colour, it is desirable that structural features, not (or but little) liable to variation, should be fully noted; and it is curious that, almost with the sole exception of the late Rev. T. Blackburn, the strongly-marked sexual features of the abdomen and legs should have been overlooked, and yet these lead to the rapid and certain identification of many species. Unfortunately, with many species such features cannot be noted with specimens set out on cards in the ordinary way, it being necessary to mount them so that both surfaces may be readily examined. In the tables given use has frequently been made of masculine characters ; no doubt tables that could be used for both sexes would be more convenient, but so many species are closely allied, and the characters that would have to be used for both sexes are so unsatisfactory, and dependant upon comparative degrees, that it was considered much better to use the frequently highly- characteristic male features. In probably no other subfamily of the Vhrysomelidae are these so useful in distinguishing the species, although in khyparida and a few other genera they 108 are not of much use. It is usually also necessary to state the sexes of the specimens described, because the males are frequently green, and the females golden, or brassy, or bronzy, and frequently with several joints of the antennae partly or entirely dark, where on the males only the tip is dark; they frequently also differ in size. The sexes, in fact, are often so dissimilar in appearance that, without the aid of specimens taken in cop., it would be practically impossible to mate them. The presence of clothing on the upper-surface, or its com- plete absence, was considered by Chapuis and Lefevre as of more than generic importance; but is sometimes only of specific importance. Specimens also that are nor- mally clothed on the upper-surface sometimes appear to be glabrous through abrasion. In Hdusa, although most species are more or less densely clothed, several glabrous species have been described. In that genus also the transverse running together of the punctures (also treated as of more than generic importance) is also of only specific importance. In Khyparida one species, quite normal otherwise, has long hair on the upper-surface. On many of the species, otherwise glabrous on the upper-surface, each angle of the prothorax has a rather long hair, but these appear to be so easily abraded, and are often so indistinct, unless specially searched for, that I have usually omitted to mention them, even when noticing their presence on the types. The majority of the species are metallic, frequently bril- liantly so, and as with so many other metallic species, many are extremely variable. On all of them the tips of the mandibles and the eyes are black or blackish, and it was not considered necessary to mention same, even when the species: are otherwise entirely pale. Of the genera recorded in Masters’ Catalogue as Austra- lian, WNoda,@) Dermorhytis,®) Eumolphus,?) and Typo- phorus,(2) must be expunged, and probably Zurydemus 28) as well. In the catalogue, 74 species are noted, to which 70 (29) have since been added, bringing the number, after deducting 20 for previously unrecorded synonyms and varieties, to 124. (24) Now Nodonota, an American genus; the position of proxima is very doubtful, and tasmanica is a synonym of Agetinus sub- costatus. (25) D. femoralis is probably either an Abirus or a Geloptera. (26) H. viridiaeneus is a Rhyparida. (27) 7. australis is a Rhyparida. (28) H. grandis is probably not Australian. (29) Including some overlooked species. 109 To these I am now able to add 228,(°) making the grand total 352—a number that probably does not represent half of the actual total that will eventually be found to occur in Australia. In addition to the specimens in the Museum (including those of the late Rev. T. Blackburn), the whole of the speci- mens belonging to Messrs. H. J. Carter, J. C. Goudie, H. H. D. Griffith, Dr. E. W. Ferguson, and myself were examined, and permission was received to retain the types of the new species (even uniques). By the courtesy of Professor Haswell all the specimens belonging to the Macleay Museum were also examined, and a few types have been returned to that institu- tion. Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, of the British Museum, also sent numerous specimens for examination, but these were received after the main portion of the work was done; some authenti- cated specimens that he sent were of great assistance, and enabled some synonymy to be confidently noted. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, all the types of the new species remain in the South Australian Museum. The following additions and previous corrections are necessary to bring the catalogue of the Australian members of the subfamily up to date from the issue of Masters’ Cata- logue. Fresh corrections are noted under special headings : — AGETINELLA, Jac., Entomologist, xli., p. 26; MINUTA, Bp. 2. AGETINUS AEQUALIS, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1478; l.c., 1889, p. 465. CLEePror HAROLDI, Blackb., Ante, 1900, p. 168. CoLASPIS PALMERSTONI, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888; p. 1477. CoLASPOIDES. XANTHOPUS, Har.-Blackburn, Ante, 1900, p- 168, notes as a Cleptor; picipES, Weise, Die Fauna, S.W. Aus., li., p. 5; GEMINATA, p. 6. CuDNELLIA, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1889, p. 461; mystica, p. 462. Epvusa Germari, Lef., C. R. Ent. Belge, xxxv., p. cclxix. ; CHRYSURA, Germ., Blackb., Ante, 1891, p. 143 ; VARIANS, Blackb., p. 144; DIVERSICOLLIS, p. 144; FROGGATTI, p. 145; SPINICOLLIS, p. 145 ; DISTINCTA, p. 146; MINOR, ve 146; OENEA, p. 146; pERPLEXA, p. 147; LINEATA, Dp. 147; LAETA (in error (50) Many others were examined, but being of doubtful dis- tinctness, or represented by damaged or female specimens, they were passed over without comment. 110 printed LATA), p. 148; BELLA, p. 148; GLAvcA, p. 149 ; PILIFERA, p. 149; FRATERNA, p. 150; Hirta, p. 150; PAVENS, p16; MEYRICKI, p. 151; INERMIS, p. 151; GLABRA, Pp. 152; SINGU- LARIS, p. 152; ANGUSTULA, ee 1900, p. 66. EpusorpEs, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1889, p. 477 ; PULCHER, p. 477. EURYDEMUS INSIGNIS, Chp., Atlas, pl. exxii., fig. 4. NEOCLES INNocuUS, Blackb., Ante, 1900, p. 169. Noponora, Lef., Cat. Eumolp., 1885, p. 166. Proposed as a substitute for Noda. Although two Australian species have been referred to Voda, Lefevre (Cat., p. 18) regards them as not belonging to the genus. In his catalogue three species are recorded as Australian, but of these puma in error, its locality being originally noted as Rio Janeiro. PLatTyCcoLaspPis, Jac., Entomologist, xli., p. 27 ; AUSTRALIS, pe 2s: RHEMBASTICHUS, Weise, Die Fauna, 8.W. Aus., il., p. 4; VARIABILIS, p. 4. Ruinopouvs, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1889, p. 463 ; NrTIDuS, p. 464. RHYPARIDA VIRIDIAENEUS, Blanch. (formerly Eumolphus), Clark, Journ. of Ent., ii., p. 259 : SIMPLEX, Clark, l.c., p. 254 ; LIMBATIPENNIS, Jac., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1895, p. 56; BREVILI- NEATA, Jac., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, 1898, p. 357 ; TRIMACULATA, p. 358; PALLIDA, p. 359; BLACKBURNI, p. 360; morRoSA, Jac., Blackb., Proc, Linn. .«Soc., : N-SiW4) 71888, ..p. 14665 AENEOTINCTA, Blackb., /.c., p. 1479; mepropicra, p. 1480; AMPLICOLLIS, p. 1481; PuNCTULATA, p. 1482; POSTICALIS, p. 1482; PICEITARSIS, p. 1483; UNIFORMIS, p. 1483; HERBACEA, p. 1484; SATELLES, p. 1485; DiscopuncTuLaTA, p. 1486; INTERIORIS, p. 1486; masTERSI, Blackb., Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1892, p. 236. | ScELoponta, the generic name for SIMONI (No. 6587), was accidentally omitted from the catalogue; var. PALMERSTONT, Blackb., Proc. Linn. -Soc., ah 1888, p. 1479. SPILOPYRA OLLIFFI, Blackb., 1891, 544, since re- ferred to Richmondia be rome STIRLINGI, Lea, Ante, 1914, p. 344. TERILLUS MICANS, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Boon N Swe 1888, p. 1475; poLirus, p. 1476; .carrinatus,.. p 1476; SUTURALIS, lie. 1889, p. ‘461; ROTUNDICOLLIS, Chp., Atlas, pl. exvili., fig. 4. 7 111 ToMYRIS RASA, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1889, p. 465; NEGLIGENS, p. 466; opscurRa, p. 467; LAETA, p. 468 ; GRACILIS, p. 468; IMPRESSICOLLIS, p. 469; LONGICORNIS, p. 470; AENEA, p. 471; ANTENNATA, p. 472; DIFFICILIS, p. 473; PARADOXA, p. 473; MINOR, p. 475. Notes on previously named genera have also been made by Blackburn as follows:—Epusa, THAUMASTOMERUS, and Ocnipa, Ante, 1891, p. 140, and 1900, p. 66; CLEePTor, 1900, p. 167; CoasporpEs, p. 168; Nroctss, p, 169; CoLaspis, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1478; and Ruyparipa, p. 1487. RHYPARIDA. This genus is represented by a great many species in Australia, especially in the warmer parts,@) and many of them are extremely common. Some of them are almost or quite constant in their colours, some have apparently quite fixed colour varieties, and a few are extremely variable; in consequence several have been named more than once. On many species, especially amongst the smaller ones, the sides of the prosternum are conspicuously longitudinally striated from base to apex; but the majority are not striated through- out, although very few species are without remnants of striation about the base. The antennae vary somewhat in length and thickness, but are seldom of use in distinguishing the species, the second and third joints are sometimes of exactly the same length, sometimes the second and sometimes the third is slightly the longer, but in cases where antennal joints are subequal their apparent proportions are so liable to alteration from the point of view that I have purposely avoided using them. The scutellum also appears to be of very little use in distinguishing species. With the exception of the species of Tomyris, Cleorina, and Scelodonta, I have referred to the genus all the members of the subfamily now before me, whose four hind tibiae are notched near apex, and have excluded all those whose tibiae are not so notched. The projection behind each notch, and the notches themselves, differ slightly amongst the various species, but the degrees are so slight that they cannot be usefully employed in specific descriptions. All the species here referred to the genus also have regular single rows of elytral punctures; the punctures frequently diminish in size, or may even vanish posteriorly, but they are never confused or geminate in arrangement. Following is a table of species known to me: — GD It appears to be absent from Tasmania. 112 s2ppooraspd SUsU Cy ha jou SUPPOIUNID UA sdaou nd S10] UL SU) D4} SD DpDLIUINA 1wa}yD norujpnyzydo sadissv.1o sdojpbaw pzpjnbuvngns vydsowfijod vosoped ‘BIJZATO JO YFPIM 4S0}VOIS Ol} UBT} SSO] PALYJ-9uO YSOW FB XBIOTJOIg “wu BAZA[O JO YFPIM ySozVoID OY} J[VY UvYY 910 AJOOTVOS XBIOYJOIgG “U ‘asvq puv snedajo uoomgoq soungound Jourystp YIM prop *-/ aingns peedAyo YyIM peqoouuod uoIssordwil JOUT}SIP B YIM OVW “Ww ns” = a UOISSA1d WIT PoJOUUODSIP MOT[VYS B YJIM OV “WwW ‘a10UL BOUBYSTCE *)) “+ 9£9 UB JO IOJOUVIP OSIOASUBIY OY} UBT} Sse] SoAD UOBMYOG BOURYSIG ‘j ‘aseq 1veu OF aINyns [vedA[O WOT OS JSOW[e Io eyeyoUNdU peop] “Y ‘paanoyoo AjursojytuN ssey 10 er0u AT[VNsN pue “YIVU [VUIPNYISUO] Yavp eimosqo ouo YYIM 4sowW 48 UOT}ATO YOu “22 a “77 xodv rvou OF vseq WOT} snOnuUIyUOD Y4ANoF Jo worqyvosnjuy “Ll uvrpeuysod pue 4AOYS 9d14s10,UL YJINOF fo uorvosnjuy “f ‘YIVUL [VUIPN}LSUO, YAVp ouo UvYyy GIOU YIM UOAJATO YORY “2 ‘6 Ul ueyy 1a9MOdIvU AT[eNSN pue JapeuUg “Hh “es yovyq Ajeityue ysouye VizA[y “YY tee see see eyed BIdATH "Yy ‘qsnqol pue osiey “6 ‘qnoysnoiy} yoRyq Jou vayATo puv XBIOYJOIg “99 Ajqo119ysod JeTTVws yYoNwM suruooeq seliys ul seinyoundg ‘ff ie xedB 09 JOUIZSIP PUB SUOT4S OVLIJS UI SoInjgouUNng “f “‘qnoysno1y} Yyoulq vazATO puv xvIo0yIOIg 9 "WIOY} USOMJOG UOTSSELAUI [VUIPNLSUOT YOUTYSTP V YALA “oBarVey] Jt “10 Joy[euUs seAy “p/P Wey} WeEeMjeq UOIssoIdu [eULpNyIsu0, OU pu ‘10Y4}eR0} eSOTO ‘oDIe[ ATeA SEAG “P ‘goinjound JOULSIP Sse] IO O1OUL [JIM XBIOYJOIg °99 vee wee wee wee vee wae see see eyejoundut XBIOYJOIg *9 ‘gainjgound yons ynoyjim xeBI1oyjorg “9g ‘ : SepIs puv oseq jnoqge seimjound ‘poieqjvos ATIV[NBe11t ‘os1vod YYIM (S10q}O 0} UWOIJIppe Ul) XBIOYJOIg *g ‘snoiqe[s sovjains-1eddyQ ‘vp Arey vovjans-reddy *p ‘xode 0} oseq UO} poyelays WNuJIeyso1d fo seplg "V eee eee e eee oe ese eee eee eee eee eve eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 113 SIUUIAUADA DZDQO qavd ul ‘sapuawny WLOF [BOIAAY ‘NADI prwip syoorj}sod waoy peordéy ‘sapoidy stuuadiidp salaphynjd sypusazsowd DLbwmoripau stuuadiavy poydiyya vadoo (¢) Stuotsaqutr avhivu SUAang 4218p Apert} ue (poydeoxe souljeutos xode pue septs e174) “ah SU “fifi SUO[T SV OPIM S¥ OOIM} UVY} SSE] XB.IOYJOIg * ‘* SUC] Sv opr sv ddI} ULY}Z oO A[GVIOpIsUOD XVIOYIOIg * ‘sorngound youlgstp yim wngouo1g “49 Os ysowm[e JO eyvjoundwI wnyouorg ° a ‘]peus AIBA ZIG ° U9d9IG-OT][VJoUL JOU SSUIYIVU Yarqg DD U9IIG-OT][VJOUL SSoj 10 B9IOU B JO VAZATA JO SSUIMIVU YIVG “ODIV] ZIG ‘ojed oseq eyy jo worgaz0d qSvo_ 3B YQIM BZA “A ‘Pal YUJIM poyN[Ip ATeINOsgO sowjouLOS si xodv oy} 7VYy Ydooxe ‘yaep AToIT¥USe WINJOUOIg ‘“g ‘qnoySnoiy} pezeiigs Jou wnuseqsoid Jo soptg "yy sopIs uo Tose] 4[}0U19SIp sornjound OLOVLOYIOL “LK osIp uo uvYyy SOpIS SpivMmo} Jes1vy_ Ajeorvos seingound o1ovi0oyyolg ‘x *19Y}9S0} OSO[D AOYJVI SOAG “Aa yovyq yOu xv10yJOIg “nm any es ae ae a “+” yoRTq XBIoyJOIg “mM ‘queqsip Ajeyvrepou sod be ‘O[pplul UL UeA® popuNnod ATJUeD sseT 10 BLOW sopTg * YISusl toy} s[Vy ysvel ye 1oJF poprs-joyyered vayzAyo Jo soptg aA Sea ASTD S80] HON UL sede ye uoIzVredeg 77 vee eee see ao uv JO LOJOWIVIP OSLOASUBIY OY} UBYZ O10W soo Jo uoTyeIedeg “4 ‘sso[d B YONs ynoyZIM oovjins-10oddy ‘ss ssojd Ystuoeis snonordsuoo wv yjIM oovzans-aoddy ‘s “peuavun xv1oyyoud jo sopsur aot me ie “* Yons YPM wBagaygy * YIVUL [V1IOJV] YIVp oDAVKy, wv ni lg VIVAL ‘AJuO serngound yyim peop, “DP “* peinqound sv [fom se neiebtiabe prop o ‘peuie xe10yyoid jo sojsue quoi * ‘ynoysno1y} snonoidsuo0d uolpeLiyg “oo oP “* sqied Ul peuyop-][I 10y4e4 winuseysord JO UOTPeLIyG * 114 DSOLOU srusofrun $27]09098NH UD WO} YAVp ‘yzoiprvwmep WO} YAVp ‘vzopngownd suaidwap DL}D LUsngyov7q | “IBA ‘DoDQuiyoapn{ ppvjnzoauUNndoosrip TH.I10F | yeorddy ‘vpvquioapnf vLapzojovny (¢) ppiziu svuwadrajn1aDvo pauvhivo1bU "IVA ‘DaIDQLaY qavd ut ‘vo1dou1} qued ul ‘sinuawny sapro9rg)vy eee eee eee eee eee soingound peuyop Aydavys ynq [pews YIM wingouorg ‘lL “8 a" sarnjyound joulystpul pue [jvus AoA YJIM UINZOUDTd “L ‘oryeqour Ajsnonordsuos ssey 10 oro eovzjans-1oddy “bb sh My; 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OL0U YPIM BAPATHY “wu “* sjyods Yyovyq e014} YIM BIZA[OpP “Ww ‘adojs [vordv uo possardurl APJOUTISIP JOU OVTIYS OWLOS TYLA VAIZAL “] ‘sso[d @ yons ynoyyIM syaed yarqg “HH “* ssojs ystueord snonordsuoo & YyIM vazdAjo jo gavd yaeg “HY ‘SLOSBE UVIPOUL OSIOASUBIZ BV YNOYIIM BAJA “OD “* xedv o1ojoq peyvulus0} uolys0d youl *)) xodv 0} ponurzuo0o uory10d youlq uBIpe4sog *) ‘BLOSBJ UBIpeu ofed ‘esreAsuBIy ‘snonotdsu0d B YYIM BIzA[TY “9 ‘sgods snonordsuo0d ynoyyIm xB10yjolg “a us oat “85 “* gods & Yons JnoYyyIM Gano “yy - gods poyejost uvipewysod & Y4IM 9d14sI0}ZUL YZUNO “Y¥ ‘[eulpnylsuol ssuryreur [eayATy “OL BIOSVT OSToAsuviy V@ AG poyervdes soyoyoTG Youyq OM} YAM waizATH “Lf "po4VOSI Sse[ 10 e10UL BIZATO JO SuOTJIOd youpg “2 ae ee “83 “+ dn ueyorq jou vizAfo Jo uotqsod yovlg “2 ‘OLV[NOVWUIG XBIOYIOIg “WJ ‘OSIP UO SSULYIVUT SnONndIdsuOd sso] IO 910M YQIM BAYA “OA “+ peqyvosnjut A[qooy ynq 10 “T[V 7e JOU Is1v} puv UUNUIEYSBIePT “YY peyevosnjul Ajdeep 10 yovyq ‘YO 10 AoYy4IE ‘Isrv} pUB UUNULEYsVJoPT “Y ‘adojs [worde uo e[qees Area ‘Y}oq 10 reyye ‘soungound pue ovliyg “ff sh an SUC] SV OPIM SB OOIMY ULYZ SSO] YONU XVIOYIOIgG ,, oa "+ SUOT SV OPM SB GOI} AT[NF KXVIOYJOIgG , ‘peuyep-]]I pue [jews Area sornjzound ooevsoyyorg “60 peuyep Ajdieys jnq os1ey AreA you seinyound o1ovs0oyjor1g “6 ‘adojs [eorde uo peuyep ]jea yyOQ sernjgound pue eevliyg ‘f ‘so.inqound Q[qISIA AToorvoOs YIM ysour ye 10 ‘soko UoaMjzoq ozeqyoundu pray “pp wt “ss grey} efqooy ATOA ovIAYS puv soangound [eays[y ‘aa edojs [vorde uo yourjsip A[arey ovis puv semmyound yeagayqy *a ‘sneddAjo uo sv [[oM sv ‘soko usamjoq seinjyound youlysIp YyIM prop “p eee 117 Notes ON TABLE. The femoral teeth, when present, are sometimes so extremely feeble, and could so easily be overlooked, that it was not considered desirable to use them in the table. The sexual variation in the eyes also rendered it desirable not to use these where possible. The depths of the prosternal striae, and the diminishing in size posteriorly of the elytral punctures, are very useful features in distinguishing the species, but the gradations in size between them are so fine that they could not be usefully employed for the larger divisions of the table. The claws might have been used, as they are often strikingly different between species apparently almost identical (compare decipiens and atra); but as at the best of times it is often difficult without considerable manipulation to decide even as to whether they are bifid or feebly appendiculate, and as a slight amount of dust or gum readily obscures them, especially on the smaller specimens, it was decided not to use them in the table. A. On many species, not here included, the prosternum is conspicuously striated at the base, or at the base and apex, but the striae are not traceable throughout. On the present group at least some striae are so traceable, although in a few cases rather indistinctly so. A. e. On elliptica and on prosternalis, and on even the darkest forms of apicalis, the elytra are more or less conspicu- ously diluted with red posteriorly, so they are not included here. A. g. This species seems rather out of place amongst those with striated prosternum, and the striae there are less distinct than on most species of A, although some of them are traceable throughout. A. j. Counting from the middle and excluding the short basal one. The short vitta on the fourth interstice is some- times connected with the main longitudinal one, but on such specimens the interstice itself is partly pale towards the base. A. kk. On some species of the genus the base of the head has fairly distinct, or even moderately strong, punctures, but these are usually concealed by the overlapping base of prothorax. The space here referred to may be taken as from the clypeal suture to a line connecting the hind margin of the eyes; on some species of kk the punctures are rather small, but they are always sharply defined. A. p. On flavipennis each angle, when viewed from below, appears to be armed with a minute tooth, but these are quite invisible from above. A. vv. In the male the separation is considerably less than the transverse diameter of an eye. 118 B. ii. On some of these species the punctures in the striae are fairly distinct at and below the summit of the apical slope, but the striae themselves (except the sutural and si 9-9 ones) are feebly or not at all impressed. D. To make quite sure of this the prothorax must be viewed from below. DD. To see the armature clearly it is sometimes necessary to examine the under-surface of the prothorax from behind, as the projections are often small, and if the slight constric- tions that they are really due to are clogged with dust or grease the projections themselves are scarcely visible. On many species, however, they are quite distinct from above. E. The apex also is sometimes obscurely diluted with red, but never has conspicuous markings. EE. A variety of clypeata has some infuscate basal spots. _ EE. gg. On two specimens of alcyone the prothoracic punctures are more distinct than on the Darwin specimens. F. One specimen of maculicollis has the prothorax immaculate, but its elytral blotch is as on typical ones. But” brevilineata and limbatipennis vary in each other’s direction so much that it is not always easy to decide as to the position of a specimen with immaculate prothorax. I. Referring to the striae only. On some specimens of didyma the punctures are fairly distinct in all the rows. RHYPARIDA DIDYMA, Fab. var. vittata, Blanch. var. fulvoplagiata, Jac. var. mediopicta, Blackb. Pl. v., figs. 1-14; pl. vii., fig. 96; pl. vaii7 figs! 102; 1067 167, and 171. | This is an abundant, widely-distributed, and extremely- variable species. The commonest (and typical) form (fig. 1) in Queensland (but it extends to the North-west as well) has three disconnected spots along the middle of each elytron, the first subbasal and composed, as it were, of three arms (of which the outer one is sometimes almost disconnected), the second median and briefly transverse, the third elongate and subapical. On this form the suture may be partly or entirely black, or but vaguely infuscated posteriorly ; the margins are sometimes infuscated towards the apex, and occasionally have a median spot. An almost equally abundant form (fig. 2) has the median and apical spots conjoined. A very common form in North-west. Australia (but extend- ing to Queensland) has each elytron with an irregular vitta, 119 extending from each shoulder to near the apex (fig. 3) ;. frequently on this form each vitta has an inner projection at. the basal third (fig. 4). One specimen near this form has the median vittae joined at the apex, with dark sutural and marginal markings, so that when viewed from behind the tip of the suture appears to be the starting-point of five longi- tudinal vittae (fig. 5). This specimen agrees well with the description of vittata. On the variety named mediopicta ‘52) the elytra are black, with the extreme base, the basal margins, suture (except posteriorly), and a dilated postmedian space (on the suture), more or less reddish. This is perhaps the least constant of all the forms, and it is abundant in the Northern Territory. Frequently the postmedian blotch is split up into two by the suture being dark throughout.) One such specimen has most of the prothorax and a considerable portion of the head infuscated. It, and one other, are the only specimens I have seen with those parts not entirely pale. Frequently the post- median spot has two lateral extensions on each elytron (fig. 8), and these may become conjoined laterally so as to enclose a black spot (fig. 9). Or the suture may have a fairly wide space at the base pale, and the red rapidly narrowed till it disappears about the middle (fig. 10). This form naturally leads to one in which the elytra at first appear to be entirely dark, but on examination the base and basal half of the sides are seen to be very narrowly reddish (fig. 11). Most of these forms are represented by an abundance of specimens in the Museum, but in addition there are many other individual variations. One of the most interesting of these appears to have the elytra entirely black, but on examina- tion some parts are seen to be darker than others, these darker parts consisting of spots as on the typical form. Its head and prothorax also are deeply infuscated over most of the surface. Its scutellum, the whole of its under-surface, 4 and the major portion of the legs are black. RHYPARIDA AUSTRALIS, Boh. (formerly Typophorus ). Marsaeus simplex, Clark. Pl. v., figs. 15-17; pl. viii., fig. 168. This species was referred by Boheman to 7'ypophorus. Lefevre ‘55) excluded it from that genus, but without assigning’ (32) The type (fig. 6) is in the South Australian Museum. (33) The variety (fig. 7) described by Jacoby as fulvoplagiata. (34)I have seen no other specimens with the scutellum and under-surface black. (35) Cat., p. 182. 120 it to any other. Itisa khyparida. In colour it is of a more or less dingy testaceous or flavous, deepening to a dull (on some specimens almost a blood) red, and with conspicuous black or infuscate markings. These on the head usually con- sist of a fascia in front, connected along the middle more or less widely with a rounded, medio-basal spot. On the pro- thorax there is usually a very large spot on each side, but these are frequently so extended that only the extreme apex and sides are reddish. The scutellum varies from red to black. ‘On each elytron there is a fairly-wide variable vitta near the side, extending from the shoulder to about the apical third or fourth ; the suture is usually black or infuscated throughout, but towards the base the black portion is usually rapidly (sub- triangularly) dilated, and then just behind the scutellum suddenly truncated, and at its widest part it is frequently joined to the sublateral vitta ; on the fourth interstice beyond the middle there is usually a narrow spot, but sometimes it is alogether absent, either through the space there being pale, or, if dark, forming part of the sublateral vitta. Each side is usually narrowly black, with the black part either isolated or joined to the sublateral vitta in one or two places. The sides of the prosternum, except the extreme margins, are striated throughout, but more deeply towards the base than elsewhere, and on some specimens more deeply than on others. On brevilineata (some varieties of which approach some varieties of this species) the prosternum is occasionally vaguely striated at the base, but apparently never on the sides or apex. A specimen from Moreton Bay, sent by Mr. Arrow for examination, and as having been compared and agreeing with the type of simplex, is simply a fairly dark specimen of australis ; its prothorax is almost entirely dark, but the elytral markings are of the usual type. In the original description the colours of the prothorax and elytra are not mentioned, apparently being included in the general expression “rufo- niger.”’ Hab.—Queensland: Bloomfield River, Dalby, Brisbane, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales: Albion Park, Tam- worth, Liverpool; Victoria: Alps, Geelong, Ararat. RHYPARIDA RUFICOLLIS, Clark. howitti, Baly. satelles, Blackb. The elytra of this species vary from brassy-green to purple; with the shoulders and apex occasionally obscurely diluted with red (but apparently never conspicuously reddish). The legs are seldom entirely pale, but usually have the knees, 121 tips of tibiae, and the tarsi black or infuscated. The abdomen is usually infuscated, and frequently has a brassy gloss; the metasternum is also usually infuscated, but is sometimes much paler than the abdomen; rarely the whole under-surface is pale. The species occurs in abundance in the warmer ports of Australia; specimens in the Museum being from Port Curtis © and Charters Towers in Queensland, the Northern Territory,‘° and Roebuck Bay in North-western Australia. RHYPARIDA NITIDA, Clark (?) Two specimens from North-western Australia 8) possibly belong to this species. One is brassy-purple, with dark under- surface and legs; the other is brassy, with legs obscurely reddish. They have the head and prothorax finely shagreened, and with fine, scattered punctures. The clypeus is indistinctly separated from the face, and has fairly dense and distinct, but not sharply-defined punctures. The elytral punctures are coarse, but beyond the middle rapidly decrease in size. RHYPARIDA NIGROCYANEA, Clark. Two specimens, measuring eight mm. or four lines (decidedly above the average for a dark species), and labelled “Interior §.A.,’’ may belong to this species, but they differ from the description in having the legs and antennae partly reddish (although obscurely so), and in the head being not “foveolato,’’ but with a narrowly impressed median line; the clypeus (not mentioned in the original description) has dense and rather strong punctures, the others on the head being very small. The prothorax, whilst not strongly transverse, is distinctly wider across the middle than the median length ; but this is also the case with didyma (which was given as the type of Marseus), to which nigrocyanea was referred, although it was said to be ‘‘quadrate or subquadrate,’”’ and ‘‘sub- quadrato, non transverso.’’ Since the above was written, Mr. Arrow sent a specimen of the species for comparison that was compared with the type, and it agrees with these. RHYPARIDA RUFA, Clark. A co-type of this species, sent for examination, is struc- turally extremely close to nigrocyanea, except that the median (36) Identified by the late Rev. T. Blackburn as ruficollis. (37) Including the type of satelles. (38) The type was recorded as from New South Wales, but several of the localities, given by the Rev. H. Clark in the paper eames the description of this species, seem to be rather ubious. 122 line on the head is deeper and that the punctures on the clypeus are more numerous ; most of its appendages are missing. The colour was given as “stramineo-flavus,” but that of the co-type is now of a reddish-castaneous, with a distinct greenish gloss. RHYPARIDA FULVOLIMBATA, Lef. var. blackburni, Jac. Pl. v., figs: 18748049; On the typical form of this species the elytra have a fairly wide flavous border, extending from near each shoulder to the apex, but it often terminates before the apex, and sometimes all that is left of it is a small medio-lateral spot. Frequently it is altogether absent, and the form with such elytra has been described by Jacoby as blackburn. The tibiae are usually pale, but occasionally are more or less greenish. The prothorax is usually shining, but on an occasional specimen appears to be lightly shagreened. There are specimens in the Museum from Fortescue River, Roebuck Bay, and Port Denison. The type of fulvolimbata was described as from Sydney, but probably in error. | RHYPARIDA APICALIS, Jac. Pl: v:, Sigs: 2O0-and 21. The two original specimens of this species differed in the punctures of the head and elytra, in the space between the eyes, and in the colours of the legs and elytra. Two specimens from Port Denison evidently belong to the species. Each has the sides of the prothorax with dense and fairly coarse punctures having a tendency to become oblong and confluent. Their eyes are large, closer together than usual, and there is a conspicuous longitudinal impression between them. One has the shoulders and apical portion of elytra conspicuously paler than the other parts. The sides of the prosternum are conspicuously longitudinally striated.) Five specimens from Gladstone, and two from Mungar Junction, differ from the preceding ones in having the head quite as dark as the prothorax, the eyes smaller and more distant, the lateral punctures of the prothorax smaller, quite round and not at all confluent (although somewhat denser than on the disc), the shoulders and apex of elytra rather obscurely paler than the other parts, and with fairly distinct punctures about apex (although much smaller than about (39) As they are on all the other specimens here considered as belonging to the species. Many of the small species of the genus have the sides of the prosternum similarly striated, but I cannot find that such sculpture has been referred to in any previously described species, although presumably some of them must have been so striated. 123 base). The antennae and legs are of an uniform dingy-brown, somewhat paler on some specimens than on others, but of one colour only. Three specimens from Mackay are also conspecific. Of these one has the lateral punctures of prothorax more, and the others have them less, conspicuously confluent. The pro- thorax is of a rather dark-brown, and on two of them is notably darker than the head. The elytra are uniformly reddish-brown, becoming slightly paler posteriorly, but one has a vaguely infuscate spot on each side. One has the under- surface black, one has it somewhat paler, and the other has it still paler. | A specimen from North Queensland is sculptured as those from Gladstone, but has the head of a dark-red, with an obscure median blotch, the elytra with the shoulders and apex flavous and the suture and base obscurely diluted with red, so that an elongated black patch is obscurely isolated on each elytron. The legs and antennae are more or less flavous. Four specimens from the Fortescue River (North-western Australia) (4°) also appear to belong to the species; but have the head with denser punctures, and the median line only moderately impressed ; the prothoracic punctures are partially confluent at the sides, but not oblong, and the elytra have about one-third of the apex flavous, the pale portion connected with the base at the sides (except on one specimen). One has an elongated black patch on each elytron, as on the North Queensland specimen. A specimen from the Behn River is of a rather dingy reddish-brown throughout, except that the legs, antennae, and the lateral and posterior parts of the elytra are somewhat paler. Jt is rather narrower than the Port Denison ones, and the lateral prothoracic punctures are not confluent. A specimen from the Fortescue River is still paler (the elytra are flavous throughout, except for a slight deepening of colour towards the base and on the margins). Its head (except for the clypeus) is impunctate, the prothoracic punc- tures are small and comparatively sparse (even on the sides), and the seriate punctures on the elytra (except for the mar- ginal and sutural rows) are not traceable even to the middle. Putting some of the extreme forms together (say the last-mentioned one beside the wider, darker, and more coarsely punctured ones from Gladstone), it is rather difficult to believe that they belong to but one species; but there are so many intermediate ones that I am convinced all the specimens here (40) All the specimens from the North-west are narrower than those from Queensland, but this appears to be of varietal import- ance only. 124 commented upon do so belong. There are specimens from other localities (including Melville Island), and with other slight differences, in the Museum. RHYPARIDA LIMBATIPENNIS, Jac. Pl. v., figs. 22-24. Of this species Jacoby had eight specimens belonging to two forms; but the one (with almost entirely dark elytra) he described as typical is much less abundant than the one with a few spots; this form being very abundant in many parts of Queensland (Rockhampton, Charters Towers, Cairns, Cook- town, Coen River, etc.). He described the antennae and legs as fulvous, but the former are frequently infuscated, except towards the base, and the knees, tip of tibiae, and tarsi are ‘usually infuscated. On the pale form the spots on each elytron ‘very in number from one to three. RHYPARIDA CLYPEATA, Jac. Three specimens from North Queensland (Blackburn’s collection) and Cairns (E. Allen) evidently belong to this species, which is readily distinguished by its entirely pale colour and ‘“‘the entirely impunctate head and clypeus, which latter is not separated from the face.’’ Two of them (both males) have a feeble longitudinal impression on the head, but on the other (a female) it is more distinct. The female has elytral punctures as in the type, but on the males they appear to be much larger, owing to each being surrounded by a watery-looking ring “)); their actual sizes, however, are much as on the female. Jacoby described the femora as unarmed, but on close examination a very minute tooth (invisible from most directions) may be seen on each, those on the four hind ones nearer the apex than base, and on the others nearer base than apex. At first sight each appears like a speck of dust. Two other females agree so closely in sculpture (including the femora) with these that it does not appear desirable to regard them as more than slight varieties. They have a few minute punctures on the clypeus, and the base of this is marked off from the head by a feebly-curved bisinuate line. (42) One has a very vague spot on the middle of each elytron near the base; the other has a similar spot, and in addition one on each shoulder, and a vague stripe on each side of the prothorax. (41) Similar rings appear to occur on occasional specimens in many other families of beetles. (42)On most species of the genus the punctures and basal suture of the clypeus are more or less variable. 125 RHYPARIDA MOROSA, Jac. An abundant species from Brisbane to Port Darwin. Specimens usually have a bluish, greenish, or purplish gloss, but sometimes are slightly brassy. On an occasional specimen the elytra are of a different colour to the prothorax and head. From three to five of the basal joints of antennae are pale. RHYPARIDA TRIMACULATA,(45) Jac. Pl. vi., figs. 25-27. This species (the type of which was from Northern Aus- tralia) was described as having the antennae black (except for the first five joints) and the under-side and legs nearly black. There are before me four specimens from Cloncurry which possibly represent a variety of the species, but they have the antennae, under-surface, and legs (except for a feeble infus- cation of the knees and parts of the tarsi) no darker than the upper-surface. But as the size (4?-54 mm.) is similar to that of the type (5 mm.), and the sculpture of the head and prothorax, with the conspicuously trimaculate (4) elytra, are in accordance with the description, it would be inadvisable to describe them as new without knowing the typical form. Since the above was written I have seen (fig. 25) a Macleay Museum specimen (from Port Denison) that agrees with the original description and is quite evidently trzmacu- lata; it differs from the Cloncurry ones (in addition to the differently coloured antennae, legs, and under-surface) in being narrower (especially as regards the prothorax), clypeus less conspicuously separated from the face, punctures in the elytral rows almost disappearing posteriorly, and in several minor details. Nevertheless, as it appears possible that the two forms may belong to but one species, I refrain from describing the Cloncurry specimens as belonging to a new one. RHYPARIDA BREVILINEATA, Jac. Pl. vi., figs. 28 and 29. The type of this species was described as having “the suture and two short stripes beyond the middle piceous.” This form, however, is rather rare; on the common form the stripe on the fourth ‘5) interstice is as described, but that on the eighth ‘*) usually extends to the shoulder, sometimes with (43) In error originally printed bimaculata. (44)On one of the specimens the postmedian spot on each elytron is split up into two longitudinal approximate ones. (45) The third and seventh according to Jacoby, but he evi- dently did not count the sutural interstice. 126 a slight interruption before same.(46) The dark sutural mark- ing is seldom continued to the apex, and frequently terminates before the middle; the epipleurae are frequently dark. The scutellum varies in colour. On the prothorax the two dark spots are seldom completely absent, but they vary in size; there is also frequently a median spot as well, and the three are sometimes conjoined; one specimen has a conspicuous black M. On the head there is occasionally a medio-basal spot. On the prosternum the base is usually striated, and the striae may or may not be continued close to the coxae, but they appear never to extend to the apex, and this will distinguish the species from amplicollis and allen. The eyes are smaller but more prominent than in limbatipennis, and the elytra as a rule are decidedly less convex. The majority of specimens in fact have a peculiarly flattened appearance. The length varies from 4 to 7 mm. Two specimens from North-western Australia (Black- burn’s collection) are unusually small and ccnvex, and with the clypeus more distinctly punctured than usual; the pro- thorax is infuscated almost throughout, and the elytra with suture infuscated, and the spots so faint as to be practically absent. | Hab.—North-western Australia: King Sound, Fortescue River; Northern Territory; Queensland: Cairns, Kuranda, Charters Towers, Mackay, Rockhampton, Gladstone, Mungar Junction, Brisbane. RHYPARIDA DIMIDIATA, Baly. Marsaeus rufoflavus, Clark. Pl. ‘vi. ; fig. (80; pl. vii4 fig. 97; plow phese 104 ead a7: The typical form of this species is the rarest of three quite sharply defined ones, and I have taken them all in company at Tamworth (the third, and the second and third forms, freely mating). On the elytra of all the forms the punctures are of large size close to the base, but they rapidly become much smaller and almost disappear posteriorly. On the two first forms there is usually a vague bluish gloss, that is usually fairly distinct on the apical portion of the elytra, and is seldom altogether absent. The size varies from 44 to 74 mm. "On the typical form the prothorax, apical half of elytra (the line of demarcation sharply defined), and most of the under-surface and legs are black or blackish. (464)On many specimens there appears to be a_ bifurcated humeral stripe, with the outer arm extending to beyond the middle, and the inner one abbreviated at the base, but with the: stripe on the fourth interstice representing where it would be if continued, | 127 The second form is entirely black, except that the head, apex of prothorax, parts of under-surface and of antennae are often obscurely diluted with red. The third (and most abundant) form is of a pale-brown (almost stramineous), with the elytra and base of femora still paler. With age it becomes considerably darker (more or less castaneous). This form comes very close to the description of rufoflava; but it has distinct although rather small pro- thoracic punctures, (47) whereas that species is described as having the prothorax impunctate. Mr. Arrow, however, sent five specimens (three from Moreton Bay) as rufoflava after comparison with the type, and they are quite normal specimens of this variety. Four black specimens, from Brisbane, should perhaps be regarded as belonging to the second form, but they are less convex, the bluish gloss is entirely absent, and the elytral punctures are rather more distinct posteriorly (although much smaller than anteriorly). A specimen from Northern Queens- land agrees with these in sculpture of elytra, but has the sides obscurely flavous from base to apex, and the eyes and prothoracic punctures somewhat smaller. Hab.—New South Wales: Tamworth, Clarence River ; Queensland: Brisbane, Mount Tambourine, Mackay, Cairns. RHYPARIDA GRANDIS, Baly. | Burydemus insignis, Chp. A specimen (numbered 33, but without locality label) sent by Mr. Arrow as this species, and agreeing with the original descriptions, is simply a large Rhyparida (to which genus it was originally referred), with bifid claws and front- margins of prosternal episterna gently incurved. Baly described the four hind femora as being armed, but the front ‘ ones are also armed, although the tooth on each of these is much less distinct than on the others. Baly recorded the species from New Caledonia; Chapuis recorded FL. insignis as from Australia; Lefevre also recorded it in his catalogue as Australian. Its right to a place in Australian catalogues, however, needs confirmation. RHYPARIDA BASALIS, Baly. A variety of this species has been recorded from Queens- land, but is not represented in the Museum. Mr. Arrow, however, has sent for examination a specimen of the typical (47)On some specimens, however, they are smaller than on others, and if such specimens are greasy or dirty the punctures could easily be overlooked. 128 form (from Dorey), and in the table this (except that the apical parts of the elytra are somewhat diluted with. red) would be referred to E, and associated with the variety zz of didyma, with which, however, it has very little connec- tion. In size and (except for the paler prothorax) general appearance it appears close to melvillensis, but the flanks of the prosternum are not striated from base to apex as on that species. RHYPARIDA MACULICOLLIS, Baly. Pl. vi., figs. 81 and 32. The two conspicuous spots on the prothorax of this species vary considerably in size, and from one of the numerous specimens in the Museum are altogether absent. The legs are occasionally almost entirely pale, but frequently the knees (very rarely the entire femora), tibiae (wholly or in part), and tarsi are black or infuscated. ‘The abdomen is usually paler than the metasternum. The sides (except in front) and base of prosternum are rather faintly but dis- tinctly striated. RHYPARIDA MASTERSI, Blackb. Pl. vi., figs. 383 and 34. Structurally this species is extremely close to maculi- collis, and the colours are usually exactly alike (the ground colour varies on individuals from a rather dark-straw colour to almost ruby-red), although the markings are strikingly different. Both forms also have the prosternum close to the coxae and about the base with fine striae; more conspicuous on some specimens than on others. The type was described as having unarmed femora, and those of a co-type in the Museum are certainly unarmed; but several specimens coloured exactly the same have the hind femora minutely dentate, the tooth invisible from most directions. RHYPARIDA INTERIORIS, Blackb. (?) The type of imterioris (now in the British Museum) was the only specimen of the species known to the late Rev. T. Blackburn. There is now before me a specimen from Mount Painter (close to Leigh Creek) that I hesitate to regard as distinct from it, although most of its under-surface and the apical half of the antennae are infuscated (these, however, are common variations). But its eyes are widely separated, whereas they should be closer together than usual. I think it probable, however, that the eyes are sexually variable in size and distance, as they certainly are in several species of which I can be sure of the sexes. . 129 RHYPARIDA UNIFORMIS, Blackb. The type of this species was described as ‘‘cyanea,”’ a specimen somewhat doubtfully considered as a variety as “aenea.’’ But as a matter of fact the brassy form is more abundant than the bluish. (4) Four small (44-5 mm.) greenish or purplish-blue speci- mens from Cairns and Cooktown may represent a variety, besides in size they differ in being somewhat narrower, with the median impression on the head deeper, but the clypeus less distinctly separated from the face. Their femora are black with a bluish gloss, and three have the tibiae rather deeply infuscated. Four small (4-5 mm.) specimens from Roebuck Bay may represent another variety. They are black with a slight coppery gloss, and parts of the under-surface and legs have a slight bluish or greenish gloss, the legs and antennae are mostly of a dingy testaceous, more or less infuscated in parts. RHYPARIDA DISCOPUNCTULATA, Blackb. PE vii.; figs. 169 and 173. A short, broad form with the elytra scarcely wider than the prothorax at the base, so that their outlines are practically continuous. Although described as ‘‘cyaneo- nigra,’’ it is only the elytra ‘49) that have a bluish (sometimes a greenish) gloss; occasionally the gloss is entirely absent. The head and legs (wholly or in part) are sometimes obscurely reddish, and the elytra are sometimes diluted with red about the apex. The prosternum has a few oblique striae about the base, but they are usually faintly impressed. The length varies from 5to 6mm. The species is abundant in Northern Queensland (Bloomfield and Coen Rivers, Bundaberg, Cairns,. and Darnley Island). RHYPARIDA HERBACEA, Blackb. The type and a co-type of this species have the prothorax reddish, and are the only specimens in the Museum so: coloured. One marked by the late Rey. T. Blackburn as “(?) herbacea, var.,’’ has the prothorax of the same dull metallic-green as the elytra, but its head is of a dingy-red, with a metallic-green gloss. Two specimens (from Chillagoe) have the head and prothorax coloured as the elytra; two others (from Chillpgoe and Port Damean) have the head (48) On this form, iielading ‘the type, the ely tra are more or less purplish. (49) The tvpe and three co-types are in the Museum. F 130 and prothorax of a dull coppery-blue, and one (from Nor- manton) has the head, prothorax, and elytra of a dark greenish-bronze. All these agree in their dull metallic appearance, due to the shagreened surface, and all have the sides of the prosternum with remnants of striae. It is probable that if some of these specimens could be compared with the type of viridiaenea, they would be found to agree with same, but even if this should prove to be the case the name herbacea should be retained as varietal for the form with red prothorax. RHYPARIDA AENEOTINCTA, Blackb. Pl, wiz, tie., 35: The type of this es is in the Museum. RHYPARIDA POSTICALIS, Blackb. Ply, tie 36: Three specimens of this species, with almost identical elytral markings, are in the Museum. RHYPARIDA AMPLICOLLIS, Blackb. Plu viggh®23/- The type and many co-types of this species are in the Museum. The elytra were stated to have ‘‘regione suturali antice late subaeneis, latera versus nonnullis exemplis longitudinaliter aeneo- -notatis.”’ It is over twenty years since they were described, and possibly some alteration has taken place, but there is mow not the least metallic appearance on any of them. There is an obscure infuscate blotch (of vary- ing size) in the scutellar region, and on some specimens a vague infuscate humeral spot and a postmedian one on the seventh interstice of each elytron; on one co-type there is also a vague postmedian spot on the third interstice. The prosternum is without medio-lateral striae, but a few faint ones may be traced at the base. A specimen from the Coen River has very minute punctures on the head; the prothorax and elytra, except for portions of the margins, are deeply infuscated throughout. Variety A. Some large (74-84 mm.) specimens from the Northern Territory (apparently sent with the typical form) and King Sound differ in being of a brighter colour, pro- thorax with a vague infuscate blotch towards each side, and a still more vague one in the middle; the elytra with a small post-scutellar space (but the suture throughout), each shoulder and a spot on the fourth interstice, and another on the eighth about the middle, more or less conspicuously 131 infuseated. The punctures on the head (including clypeus) and prothorax are also more distinct. On the typical form (14 specimens) the punctures decidedly decrease in size towards the apex of the elytra, and are quite regular in the striae; at the apex between the marginal and submarginal striae the interstice is conspicuously wider than the others, and either impunctate, or with but one or two punctures. On the variety (5 specimens) the interstice there is covered with coarse, crowded punctures, and the whole of the apical portion is more or less coarsely punctured. Two specimens from Northern Queensland are rather smaller (7 mm.) and narrower, with most of the prothorax entirely black, but the elytral markings and apex are as on the variety. A specimen from Charters Towers has markings as on the variety, but the apex of elytra is as on the typical form. RHYPARIDA FLAVA, Clark. preeitarsis, Blackb. var. pallida, Jac. This species is abundant in the Northern Territory and North-western Australia, and there are two in the Macleay Museum from Port Denison, and varies in length from 4 to 6 mm. The knees, tips of tibiae, and the tarsi are usually infuscated or black; the abdomen and metasternum are also sometimes black or infuscated. Pallida appears to have been described from specimens (of which there are several (50) in the Museum) with entirely pale legs. Mr. Arrow sent a specimen labelled ‘‘New Holl.’ as flava after comparison with the type; it is simply a fairly large specimen of the species subsequently named piceitarsis by Blackburn. RHYPARIDA PUNCTULATA, Blackb. This species has eyes decidedly larger than usual, the space between them considerably less than the diameter of an eye (less in the male than in the female), and the front notched in the middle. It is also distinct by the conspicuous punctures of head and prothorax, the elytral punctures. strong at the base and small posteriorly, a small acute pro- jection on each front angle of prothorax, and by the dentate hind femora; the tooth is small, but from some directions is quite distinct. Two specimens from Melville Island differ from the type, and some co-types, in having the upper-surface black, in places with a vague bluish gloss, and the elytra obscurely Nae Including one from Melville Island. F 132 diluted with red posteriorly; the under-surface and legs are also more or less deeply infuscated. RHYPARIDA PILOSA, Nl. Sp. Castaneous ; sides and apical half of elytra, abdomen, and appendages paler. Elytra with rows of fairly long and dis- tinct hairs, head and prothorax with shorter and less distinct ones. /Iead with dense and fairly coarse punctures throughout, with a feeble medio-basal elevation. Prothorax about half as long as greatest width, sides strongly rounded, front angles lightly armed; with dense and fairly large but rather shallow punctures, becoming smaller about apex and subconfluent on sides. Hlytra parallel-sided from shoulders to apical third, greatest width scarcely more than that of prothorax, but con- siderably wider than base of same; with fairly dense, rather large, and somewhat irregular punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly, and almost disappearing from apical slope. Flanks of prosternum conspicuously striated from base to apex. Hind femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3-34 mm. Hab.—North-western Australia: Fortescue River (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3079. 13 The conspicuous elytral clothing readily distinguishes this species from all others of the genus. The basal portions of the elytra are paler than the prothorax, but each has a feeble longitudinal vitta extending from the shoulder to about the middle, where the shade is the same as that of the pro- thorax. The two specimens in the Museum differ somewhat in size, but in very little else; they appear to be females. RHYPARIDA MEGALOPS, 0. sp. gd. Blackish-piceous; elytra at apex, an indistinct spot on each shoulder, and the appendages testaceous. Head with rather dense and strong punctures; not longi- tudinally impressed. Eyes unusually large, distance between them only about one-third the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as median length, front angles almost unarmed; with fairly numerous, rather small but clearly defined punctures, becoming slightly more numerous and larger on sides than on disc. Hlytra sub- parallel-sided to beyond the middle; with clearly defined rows of fairly large punctures about base, becoming smaller pos- teriorly, and (except about suture and sides) almost dis- appearing from apical slope. Flanks of prosternum strongly striated throughout. Length, 2% mm. i ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee — 133 Hab.—Queensland: Gladstone (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 3422. A minute species evidently allied to apicalis, but differ- ing from all the specimens commented upon as probably belonging to that species by the even larger eyes, the space between them being only about one-third of the diameter of an eye, and the head being without a median longitudinal impression. The prothoracic punctures, although sharply defined, exhibit no tendency to become oblong or confluent. I have been unable to see the claws clearly, but they appear to be bifid. RHYPARIDA APICIPENNIS, n. sp. 6. Black; head, apical portion of elytra, an obscure sell on each shoulder, and the appendages of a more or less dingy- red. Head with dense and rather coarse punctures; with a vague median impression. LHyes large, separation about one- half the transverse diameter of each. Prothorax at base about once and one-half the median length, front angles unarmed ; with fairly numerous, clearly-defined punctures, of rather small size, becoming slightly denser towards but absent from extreme sides. Llytra suboblong-ovate, distinctly but not much wider than prothorax, widest beyond the middle; with -clearly-defined rows of moderate punctures about base, becom- ing much smaller towards but traceable almost to apex. Flanks of prosternum distinctly striated throughout. Claws bifid. Length, 4-45 mm. Hab.—North-western Australia (Macleay Museum). Type, I. 3447. Larger and wider than any specimen in the Museum that could be referred to apicalis, to which it is very close, but the prothorax is less transverse and more convex, and with smaller punctures, not at all confluent laterally, and elytra with punc- tures even less distinct posteriorly. The femora appear to be truly edentate. A specimen, evidently a female, differs from the type in being slightly wider, head not reddish and with somewhat smaller eyes, elytra with pale portion occupying more of the apex, and less encroached upon at suture, and abdomen more evenly convex. RHYPARIDA MAYAE, N. sp. Black ; head, apex of prothorax, elytra (suture and a large spot on each side towards base excepted) and parts of under- surface, more or less reddish; appendages (parts of the legs somewhat infuscated) paler. Head shagreened ; with moderately dense but rather small punctures, rather stronger on clypeus than elsewhere; with a 134 feeble median elevation from base to clypeus. Eyes rather widely separated. Prothorar rather small, not twice as wide as median length, front angles unarmed ; with sharply-defined and fairly-dense but rather small punctures, becoming slightly larger but sparser towards sides. Llytra at base distinctly wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle ; with regular (on parts of the lateral slopes irregular) rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller towards but quite conspicuous to apex; interstices with minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum strongly striated throughout. Hind femora feebly dentate; claws acutely appendiculate. Length, Hab.—Western Australia: Mullewa and Lennonville (Miss J. F. May); South Australia: Gawler Ranges (S. A~- White)... Type, FE. 3081. In general appearance close to some forms of apicalis, but eyes more distant (in both sexes), smaller, and more prominent, head with smaller and denser puctures, median impression more: feeble and connected with the base by a fine ridge, prothoracic: punctures not laterally confluent and oblong, and series of elytral punctures quite distinct to apex. Of the five specimens. before me, three (including the type) have a large blackish blotch on the basal half of each elytron, not very sharply defined and not extending to base, suture, or side; the fourth has each spot larger and still less sharply defined; the fifth has the upper-surface entirely castaneous, except that the elytra become flavous about apex, parts of its sterna are rather deeply infuscated. The sexual differences, apart from the front tarsi, are slight. RHYPARIDA PARVICOLLIS, N. sp. Dark piceous-brown ; head, elytra (except for a wide vitta. covering most of each), and appendages more or less castaneous or flavous. Head specially convex about base; with sparse and small punctures there; with a short median impression towards the front ; clypeus with dense and distinct punctures. Eyes widely separated. Prothorax small, base scarcely once and one-half the median length, front angles not distinctly armed; with minute punctures becoming slightly larger on sides. Hlytra at base distinctly wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle, where the width is almost twice that of the prothorax ; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becom- ing smaller towards but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum striated throughout. (Claws acutely appendiculate. Length, 41+ mm. 135 Hab.—Western Australia: Geraldton (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 3448. In general appearance close to wpica/is and the preceding species, but head smaller and swollen at base, prothorax smaller and with minute punctures (even at sides). From apicalis also it differs in the elytral punctures, being distinct to apex. The elytra have the sides and apex almost: flavous, the base and a sutural space darker, and elsewhere almost black, but the shades of colour are only sharply defined laterally. RHYPARIDA ELLIPTICA, N. sp. Black, upper-surface with a vague metallic greenish gloss ; apical portion of elytra, muzzle, abdomen, and appendages more or less testaceous, parts of antennae and of legs infuscated. Head with rather small and not very dense, but distinct, punctures, becoming larger and more crowded on clypeus. Eyes widely separated and rather prominent. /Prothorar almost twice as wide as the median length, sides and angles evenly rounded ; with fairly dense and small, sharply-defined punctures, becoming slightly larger on sides. Elytra at base no wider than base of prothorax, sides gently rounded and widest across middle; with regular rows of fairly-large punc- tures, becoming smaller towards but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum striated throughout. Metasternum with some large punctures towards sides. Hind femora minutely dentate ; claws acutely appendiculate. Length, 3-3? mm. | //ab.—Queensland: Cape York (Blackburn’s collection), Stewart River (W.D. Dodd). Type, I. 3095. In size and general appearance something like some of the dark varieties of apicalis, but with a metallic gloss (absent, however, from the Cape York specimen, but which is in poor condition), elytral punctures distinct to apex and eyes smaller, more prominent and more widely separated, and the median groove on one specimen so indistinct that it could be fairly regarded as absent, and from two others altogether wanting. ‘The clypeus, although without a distinct suture posteriorly, is ‘quite distinctly separated from the rest of the head by being slightly separately convex, and with punctures much denser than on the space immediately behind it. The three specimens before me appear to be all males, as the four front tarsi are distinctly inflated, and their eyes are of the same size. The notch on each of the hind tibiae is rather feeble, but on the middle ones of normal size. The general outlines are almost perfectly elliptical. 136 RHYPARIDA MEDIONIGRA, N. sp. Pl. viz, fig. 38: Black ; head (a conspicuous median spot excepted), elytra: (wholly or in part), and part of abdomen more or less reddish, appendages paler. Head with moderately dense but not very large punctures, becoming larger and more crowded on clypeus; with a short medio-frontal impression. Eyes rather widely separated. Prothorax at base scarcely once and one-fourth the median length, sides rather strongly rounded, and widest nearer base than apex, front angles unarmed ; with fairly dense but rather small punctures, becoming larger and denser on sides. Llytra distinctly wider than prothorax, sides parallel for about half ° their length, or very feebly dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of rather small punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly, and absent from apical slope. Flanks of prosternum striated throughout. Femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 33-4 mm. /fab.—South Australia: Leigh Creek (Blackburn’s col- lection), Mount Painter (near Leigh Creek) (H. G. Stokes). Type, I. 3059. Closely allied to apicalis, but eyes more widely separated, and head more convex about base. From mayae it is readily distinguished by the elytral punctures almost disappearing posteriorly, and head with a medio-basal carina.) The three specimens before me vary somewhat in colour. On the type each elytron has a large blackish blotch (becoming paler in places) connected with the side (this narrowly black through- out) at the summit of the apical slope. A specimen (associated with the type in the Blackburn collection) has the base and apex of prothorax reddish, and the elytra almost entirely red- dish, becoming paler posteriorly, but with the suture and sides feebly infuscated. The specimen from Mount Painter is without » cephalic spot, the prothorax is reddish (vaguely infuscated towards each side), and the elytra are mostly flavous, becoming darker towards base and suture, and with a vaguely-defined infuscate spot on the basal half towards each side. RHYPARIDA FLAVIPENNIS, 0. sp. Dark reddish-brown ; elytra (suture and sides excepted),. legs, and antennae (the apical joints more or less infuscated) flavous. (51) No doubt on specimens with the base of the head partially concealed the carina would be covered; but of both species there- are specimens before me with the base of the head not concealed. 137 Head with rather small and not very dense punctures, becoming larger towards and densest on clypeus; without a median impression. Eyes small and widely separated. Pro- thorax at base almost equal to median length, front angles unarmed ; with moderately dense and rather small, clearly- defined punctures, becoming larger and denser on sides. Hlytra considerably wider than prothorax, almost parallel-sided to beyond the middle ; with rows of fairly large punctures, rapidly becoming smaller and disappearing (except near suture and sides) from apical slope. Flanks of prosternum striated throughout. /emora minutely dentate; claws acutely appen- diculate. Length, 3? mm. _ Hab.—-Western Australia: Cue (H. W. Brown). Type, I. 3123. ! In some respects resembling some of the pale forms of apicalis, but readily distinguished by the widely-separated eyes (these, for the genus, are exceptionally small and distant), and absence of a median groove. The series of punctures on the elytra appear to almost abruptly terminate before the middle, but in certain lights they are vaguely traceable almost to the apex, although extremely small and shallow. On the head and prothorax of one specimen, although there are no distinct markings, certain parts are obscurely darker than other parts. RHYPARIDA BREVIS, Nn. sp. Pl. vi., fig. 39. Dark-red ; elytra (suture excepted), abdomen, and appen- dages more or less flavous. Head without punctures, except on clypeus, where they are rather small and sparse, although distinct; with a distinct medio-frontal impression, connected in middle with an oblique clypeal suture. Eyes rather large, widely separated, a narrow depression behind each. Prothorazx more than twice as wide ‘as median length, front angles armed; with numerous rather small punctures, almost disappearing from near all the mar- gins. LHlytra short, very little wider than prothorax; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller to- wards but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum rather lightly striated. Femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3-33 mm. | Hab.—Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), “apt (Macleay Museum, E. Allen, and A. M. Lea), Type, . 3110. The prothorax and sterna are almost of a deep blood-red, but the head is somewhat paler (although darker than the elytra). Four specimens have colours exactly as described, but two others have three conspicuous spots on the elytra, one 138 about the middle of each, and the third common to both ow the suture near the scutellum. Another specimen has some- what similar but less sharply-defined spots. A specimen in the Macleay Museum is black, except for the head and parts of the appendages. The flanks of the prosternum have many striae extending from base to apex, but on the apical half they are not very sharply defined, they cover a space at least half- way from the coxa to the outer margin on each side, the outer side being smooth; this character will readily distinguish the species from trimaculata, whose prosternum, even at the base, is not longitudinally strigose. RHYPARIDA PLATYDERES, N. sp. Reddish-castaneous ; elytra somewhat paler about their apex, abdomen and appendages more or less flavous. Head with moderately dense but rather small punctures, becoming denser and somewhat larger on clypeus; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, connected with a feeble clypeal suture. Eyes rather large and moderately separated, a shallow groove behind each. VProthorax across middle about thrice the median length, front angles unarmed; with rather small and not very dense but clearly-defined punctures, almost disappearing before all the margins. SHlytra suboblong to beyond the middle, very little (at extreme base not at all) wider than prothorax ; with rows of not very large punctures, becoming distinctly smaller towards but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum striated throughout. Yemora minutely dentate ; claws appendiculate. Length, 3-34 mm. Hab.—Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection). Type.) iy sus. In general appearance rather close to the preceding species, but head more convex, and with much more conspicuous punctures, eyes rather larger and less prominent, front angles of prothorax more rounded and not armed, and punctures in general slightly different. On the forehead there is a vaguely- infuscate spot. RHYPARIDA PROSTERNALIS, Nl. Sp. Piceous-brown, sides and apex of elytra slightly paler ; abdomen and appendages more or less testaceous. /Tead with small and rather dense punctures, becoming larger on clypeus; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, connected with a vague clypeal suture. Eyes large, separation about equal to the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothorax about thrice as wide as the median length, sides feebly rounded and decreasing in width from base to apex, front angles un- armed ; with fairly numerous sharply-defined but rather small 139 punctures, almost disappearing laterally. Hlytra suboblong- ovate, very little wider than prothorax, widest at about middle; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller towards but quite distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum con- spicuously striated throughout ; episterna densely and coarsely punctate. Femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 34 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd). Type (unique), I. 3092. 5 | In general appearance like some of the darker forms of apicalis, but seriate punctures of elytra distinct to apex. RHYPARIDA BIMACULICOLLIS, Nn. sp. Pie ea. tre. 402, Flavous; prothorax dark reddish-castaneous, a large ill- defined black spot on each side; elytra with the suture and epipleurae infuscated, and with a conspicuous blackish spot on suture near base, sterna and apical half of antennae infus- cated. _ Head with small punctures at base, disappearing before clypeus ; with a feeble disconnected frontal impression ; clypeus with fairly dense and distinct punctures, without suture pos- teriorly. Eyes large, prominent, and widely separated. Pro- thorax rather more than twice as wide as long, all angles armed; with dense and rather small punctures, but absent from close to base and at sides. H#/ytra distinctly wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to beyond the middle; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming much smaller towards, but traceable to apex; interstices with sparse and minute punc- tures. Flanks of prosternum distinctly striated throughout. Femora minutely dentate ; claws bifid. Length, 34-33 mm. /Tab.—Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea), Kuranda (H. H. D. Griffith). Type, I. 3119. In general sculpture close to tenwis, but, apart from the very different colour, prothorax more transverse, with much more conspicuous punctures, and with front angles conspicu- ously armed. In these it agrees with minuscula, but from that species it differs in being larger, with bimaculate prothorax and striated prosternum. RHYPARIDA SUBANGULATA, Nn. sp. Phi vis fe. 41 Of a dingy reddish-castaneous, elytra paler but with dark markings, prothorax with more or less conspicuous markings ; abdomen and appendages more or less flavous. Head shagreened, impunctate; with a narrow medio- frontal disconnected impression ; clypeus impunctate or almost 140 so, its hind suture distinct only at each side, where it is con- nected with a narrow depression margining the eye. Eyes rather large and widely separated. /rothorax shagreened and. impunctate ; at base about twice the median length, sides sub- angularly dilated near base, and then rapidly diminishing in width to apex, front angles obtusely armed. “H/ytra suboblong- ovate, at base scarcely wider than greatest width of prothorax ; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming much smaller towards, but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum with striae fairly strong at base, and traceable to but very feeble towards apex. Femora minutely dentate ; claws bifid. Length, 4-41 mm. Hab.—Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns (Macleay Museum and E. Allen). Type, I. 3426. Close to some of the smaller and more convex forms of brevilineata, but clypeus impunctate (on two specimens, how- ever, very vague punctures may be traced); the sides of the prosternum also have striation traceable to apex. The seven specimens before me all differ somewhat in their markings, but all have five blackish spots or stripes on the prothorax, the penultimate one towards each side being the longest ; on three specimens (including the type) they are all more or less obscurely connected, but on four others the middle one is: isolated. On each elytron of the type there is a blackish spot near the base of the fourth interstice, and the sides are nar- rowly black. On three others the markings are smaller and less defined; but on another they are greatly extended but very ill-defined, owing to the obscuring of the paler parts. RHYPARIDA CRASSIPES, Nn. sp. Black, with a vague metallic gloss; legs sometimes ob- scurely diluted with red, basal joint of antennae obscurely reddish. Head with sparse and minute punctures about base, becoming fairly numerous in front and dense’and rather coarse on clypeus; with a narrow, disconnected, medio-frontal im- pression. Eyes widely separated and not very large. Pro- thorax not twice as wide as the median length, front angles unarmed ; disc with small and sparse punctures, becoming decidedly larger and denser towards sides. Hlytra suboblong, very little wider than prothorax ; with rows of large punctures, becoming smaller (but still of fairly large size) to apex. Flanks of prosternum conspicuously striated throughout. Metaster- num with dense and rather coarse punctures, in places transversely confluent, but absent from sides. Legs unusually stout ; femora minutely dentate ; claws appendiculate. Length, 37-44 mm. . : 141 Hab.—Queensland: Stewart River (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3093. A rather narrow, black species, somewhat suggestive of Chalcolampra, with unusually stout legs and antennae. From elliptica it is distinguished by its narrower form, thicker and darker legs, coarse punctures, and different cephalic impres- sion. The head is densely punctate on the clypeus and near same, then there is a shiny and almost (or quite) impunctate space, and then at the base the punctures are again dense and conspicuous, but the basal punctures are quite concealed when the head is partially retracted. The femora from most direc- tions appear to be edentate, but from one a very minute tooth becomes visible; the claws from most directions appear to be simple, but really each has a small and acute, but feebly separated, appendix. RHYPARIDA OPHTHALMICA, N. Sp. Black; a flavous spot on each side of base of head, base of antennae, and parts of tarsi more or less flavous. Head with fairly dense and rather small punctures, becoming larger but not denser on clypeus; with a vague, medio-frontal impression. Eyes rather large, very prominent, separation about equal to the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothoraz, at widest, about thrice the median length, sides subangularly dilated near base, rapidly diminishing thence to apex, front angles unarmed; with fairly dense and small, sharply-defined punctures, becoming slightly denser on sides. Elytra at base scarcely wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle; about base with fairly large punctures, rapidly becoming smaller and almost disappearing before apex. Flanks of prosternwm with striae from base to apex. Femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 34 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type - (unique), I. 3429. The prosternum is distinctly striated posteriorly, and the striation is narrowly continued along the sides to the apex; the individual striae, however, do not appear to be so con- tinued, but those from the base appear to extend almost to the apex, and then inwards from these a fresh lot starts and extends to apex. The antennae are thicker than is usual in the genus. The elytra have a faint bluish gloss, as on some forms of dimidiata, and the elytral punctures are somewhat as on that species, but the two have little else in common. The head is somewhat as on tropica, but the prothoracic punctures and prosternum are very different. 142 RHYPARIDA RUFICEPS, 0. sp. Black ; head, tips of elytra, and epipleurae towards base, and appendages more or less reddish-flavous. Head with small punctures at base, but almost disappear- ing before clypeus ; with a narrow median impression ; clypeus with distinct but not very large punctures, posterior suture defined only at sides. Eyes large, distance between them slightly less than the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, front angles scarcely armed; with small and rather sparse punctures. //ytra sub- ovate, at extreme base very little wider than prothorax, but across widest part (at about the apical third) considerably wider ; with rows of fairly large punctures, almost disappearing posteriorly. Flanks of prosternwm conspicuously striated from base to apex, except on outer margins. Femora very minutely dentate; élaws appendiculate. Length, 3 mm. Hab.—-New South Wales: Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd). Type (unique), I. 3449. A small, oval, black species, with conspicuously reddish head and appendages. RHYPARIDA MELVILLENSIS, 0. sp. Plivi.9 ies 2. Blackish-brown, some parts more or less flavous or testaceous. Head shagreened; with small and feeble punctures at base, disappearing entirely before clypeus, the latter with rather dense and large ones; with a narrow medio-frontal impression connected with a bisinuate clypeal suture. Eyes large, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax scarcely twice as wide as the median length, all angles armed; with rather small but well-defined, and rather irregularly distri- buted, punctures. Hlytra suboblong, distinctly wider than prothorax; with rows of large punctures, becoming much smaller towards, but distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum distinctly striated throughout. Femora unarmed; claws appendiculate near base. Length, 5 mm. Hab.—Melville Island (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3084. The prominent eyes, conspicuously punctate clypeus, with the head elsewhere practically impunctate, the conspicuously striated prosternum and rows of large elytral punctures, form a combination of characters that should be peculiarly distinc- tive, even if (as is probably the case) the colours are not to be depended upon. The paler parts are the head (except for a subtriangular basal spot and the clypeal suture), two obscure spots near the base of each elytron, and a narrow strip almost - 143 at apex, part of abdomen, legs (basal parts of tibiae excepted), palpi, and most of anennae. Three specimens from Adelaide River (in the British Museum) belong to this species ; one is coloured exactly as the type, except that a greater portion of the apex of the elytra is pale; on the other two the apex is as on the type, but the basal markings are reduced to an elongate spot on each shoulder, where the black is diluted to red. RHYPARIDA MILITARIS, 0. sp. Pl. vi., fig. 43. Reddish-brown, palpi and parts of antennae and legs paler ; elytra conspicuously striped. Head shagreened and minutely punctate ; with a narrow, deep, medio-frontal impression, connected with clypeal suture ; elypeus with fairly dense and rather large punctures. Eyes moderately large and widely separated. Prothorax across middle almost twice the median length, all angles armed ; with fairly dense and rather small, but clearly-defined punctures, disappearing from close to all the margins. Hlytra of the same shape as in the preceding species, and with similar but slightly smaller punctures. Flanks of prosternum conspicuously striated about base, but feebly elsewhere. Femora edentate. Length, 4 mm. Hab.—Melville Island (W. D. Dodd). Type (unique), I. 3121. ; In sculpture rather close to the preceding species, but strikingly different in colours. JI have not been able to see the claws clearly. The flanks of the prosternum are conspicu- ously striated about the base, but the major portion of each side is shining and smooth, about one-fourth from each margin to the coxa there are fine striae that are traceable to the apex, but discernible practically only by the surface appearing opaque. On each elytron the suture and margin, and the fourth, sixth, and eighth interstices are conspicuously darker than the others, these being almost flavous. RHYPARIDA . POLYMORPHA, 0. Sp. Pl. vi., figs. 44 and 45. Black, some parts reddish, or reddish some parts black, or reddish, parts of antennae infuscated. Head with fairly dense but small punctures about base, becoming very feeble in front; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, connected with an irregular clypeal suture; clypeus with dense and rather coarse punctures. Eyes large, promi- nent, and widely separated. Prothorar about twice as wide 144 as the median length, all angles rather strongly armed; with very feeble scattered punctures, but with some very con- spicuous about the base and sides, and forming a short irregular oblique row near each front angle. Flanks of prosternum with distinct striae from base to apex. Femora minutely dentate ; claws bifid. Length, 3-4 mm. Hab.—New South Wales: Nowra (Macleay Museum), Ourimbah (E. W. Ferguson), Picton (H. H. D. Griffith), Sydney (A. J. Coates, H. J. Carter, and British Museum, from C. Darwin), Wollongong, Clifton, Galston, National Park (A. M. Lea) ; Victoria (Blackburn’s collection). Type, I. 3053. The general appearance is very suggestive of Arsipoda of the Halticides. The large punctures on the prothorax forming an irregular, transverse row at the base, a few at the sides, and a few forming a short, oblique line inwards from each of the front angles, together with the conspicuously striated flanks of prosternum are alike on the forty-three specimens before me, so that, despite the great variations in colour, I believe them to belong to but one species. It is difficult to be sure which should be regarded as the typical form, but as there are nine- teen almost similarly coloured specimens, one of these has been regarded as the type; it belongs to the first form. The various forms are as follow : — 1. Of a dingy reddish-castaneous, some parts slightly paler than others; apical half of antennae with joints more or less infuscated (nineteen specimens). 2. Head and prothorax of a deeper red, the latter with an infuscate spot in middle, each elytron with an infuscate spot in the middle, at about the basal two-fifths ; legs partly black (two specimens). 3. Of a rather dark-red, elytra paler posteriorly, and each with a conspicuous black vitta extending from the inter- humeral depression (where it is narrowest) to slightly beyond the middle (four specimens ; but one with markings so pale that it should, perhaps, be regarded as belonging to Form 1). 4. Under-surface more or less deeply infuscated, prothorax and legs as on Form 2; elytra as on Form 3 (four specimens). 5. Deep-red; apical half of elytra black (the two colours sharply defined, but the junction uneven), under-surface mostly black, but outer half of each flank of prosternum con- spicuously reddish, legs mostly black, antennae entirely pale, except tip of eleventh joint (one specimen). 6. Black, head and prothorax deep red; scutellum, parts of base of elytra (on one specimen base of epipleurae as well), parts of meso- and metasternum, of abdomen and of legs, more or less obscurely reddish ; palpi and basal third of antennae flavous, the rest: black (six specimens). 145 7. Black, head red, front angles of prothorax, parts of base of elytra (including epipleurae), and parts of legs more or less obscurely reddish, antennae with basal third flavous, the rest infuscate in parts, palpi flavous (one specimen). There are in the Museum three specimens from South Australia (Petersburg, Blackburn’s collection, and Morgan, Mrs. Kreusler) that I cannot satisfy myself are distinct from this species. They have coarse, irregular punctures at sides and base of prothorax, rather more numerous than on the other forms, but not forming a distinct oblique row on each side towards the front; the punctures are present there, but not conspicuous, owing to many others being in their vicinity ; the striation of prosternum is not quite so extensive, and the elytra are rather more parallel-sided. Regarding them as conspecific, they might be treated as another form as follows : — 8. Of a rather bright-castaneous; elytra flavous, suture, sides, and the scutellum infuscate, under-surface mostly infus- cated, appendages flavous, but knees sometimes infuscated, and apical half of antennae more or less dark (three specimens). 9.52) Like Form 5, but with prothorax black and an- tennae (except the five basal joints) deeply infuscated (one specimen). 10. Entirely black, except palpi and base of antennae (one specimen). In addition, there are several less well-defined forms. RHYPARIDA COPE, N. sp. Reddish-castaneous; elytra paler, towards apex, suture and sides infuscated, a fairly large blackish blotch connected with each side, commencing near base and terminating about middle; under-surface more or less deeply infuscated, or blackish in parts; appendages flavous. Head with fairly dense but rather small punctures, some- what denser on clypeus, but scarcely larger than elsewhere ; with a short medio-frontal impression. Eyes rather large, not very prominent, separation somewhat less than the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, front angles very feebly armed; with sparse and small punctures, becoming larger and denser towards sides. Elytra suboblong, distinctly wider than prothorax ; with rows of punctures of moderate size, almost disappearing posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum conspicuously striated throughout. Femora very minutely dentate; claws appen- diculate. Length, 31 mm. (52) Forms 9 and 10 were sent for examination some time after the others were noted. 146 Hab.—South Australia: Murray River (H. 8. Cope). Type (unique), I. 3450. In general appearance resembles some of the smaller forms of apicalis, but elytra wider, prothorax and head with different punctures, striation of prosternum, etc., different. In colour it resembles some forms of the preceding species, but the pro- thoracic punctures are very different. In the table it is associated with interioris, but it differs from the species I have doubtfully so identified in colours, punctures of head and pro- thorax, and in the eyes, etc. RHYPARIDA ALLENT, 0. sp. Of two or more shades of castaneous. Head with moderately dense but rather small punctures, becoming much smaller in front; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, connected with clypeal suture in front, and with base by a feebly-elevated line; clypeus with fairly dense and distinct punctures. Eyes fairly large, rather widely separated, a narrow depression behind each. Prothorar about twice as wide as the median length, all angles acutely armed; with rather small, clearly-defined, unevenly distributed punctures. Elytra rather briefly suboblong, distinctly wider than pro- thorax ; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming smaller towards, but quite distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternum striated from base to apex, but rather ines so in places. Femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 55-7 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns district (Macleay Museum, HK. Allen, and A. M. Lea). Type, 1. 3425. The sides of the prosternum are rather strongly striated at the base, and lightly but distinctly along the middle. This character will readily distinguish it from some of the varieties of brevilineata. The elytra, except the sides and suture, are shghtly paler than the prothorax, and have rows of watery- looking punctures (on some specimens looking like rows of small infuscate spots) ; the legs are sometimes as dark as the under- surface, but usually are partly flavous. One specimen has a rather large infuscate spot on each side of the prothorax, and some vague postmedian spots on the elytra; another has a vague spot on the forehead; its prothorax has sides almost black, and dise with three large blotches, all vaguely connected together, but the outer ones blackish ; each elytron has a dark spot on the shoulder, and a small one on the fourth interstice beyond the middle, and another on the eighth, and each puncture is distinctly infuscated; parts of its under-surface and the knees are also infuscated. 147 RHYPARIDA ANGUSTICOLLIS, n. sp. Shining-black; front of clypeus, labrum, under-surface {parts of metasternum black), and appendages (apical two- thirds of antennae and middle of front tibiae infuscated) more or less reddish, scutellum obscurely diluted with red. Head with a small median impression; with rather numerous punctures and transverse wrinkles between eyes, towards base with sparse punctures ; clypeus finely rugose and with some large punctures. Prothorax not much wider than long, basal two-thirds almost parallel-sided, front angles rounded off and unarmed; with scattered punctures of moderate size, becoming very small in front. Hlytra suboblong, parallel-sided to near apex, much wider than prothorax ; with rows of punctures, fairly large about suture and shoulders, very small elsewhere, and disappearing posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum with feeble transverse striation, and with some large punctures at base. Front of femora lightly dentate ; claws each with a large basal appendix. Length, 74 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns. Type (unique) in Macleay Museum. The outlines of this and of the following species are much as in vulnerata, but, apart from the different colours, the deep cephalic impression and conspicuously striated flanks of prosternum of that species should prevent them from being confounded together. RHYPARIDA TETRASPILOTA, N. sp. Plovvi. fie 46. Bright flavous-red ; antennae with apical two-thirds infus- cated, elytra with four large blackish spots. Head with a rather feeble median line ; with fine wrinkles and numerous distinct punctures between eyes, both becoming more numerous on clypeus, but towards base without wrinkles, and the punctures rather sparsely distributed. Prothorax rather lightly transverse, sides feebly rounded, front angles unarmed ; with scattered punctures of moderate size, becoming very small in front. Hlytra with outlines and punctures much as on preceding species. Flanks of prosternum with fine trans- verse striation, base rugose.. Front femora distinctly dentate, the others very feebly so; claws each with a large basal appen- dix. Length, 7 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns. Type (unique) in Macleay Museum. The spots on each elytron do not quite extend to the side or suture, the basal one is the smaller, is transverse and does not include the shoulder, the subapical one is longer than wide, jagged on its front edge and rounded on its hind one. 148 RHYPARIDA VULNERATA, 0. Sp. Bright-castaneous; a wide, irregular prothoracic fascia (interrupted in middle and nearer base than apex), elytra (part of base, sides, and apex all narrowly excepted), a spot on each side of meso- and of metasternum, tibiae, most of tarsi and of antennae black or blackish. _ Head with fairly large and deep basal punctures, becom- ing smaller in front, transversely wrinkled between eyes; with a deep medio-frontal impression ; clypeus with large punctures and transversely wrinkled. Eyes prominent, of moderate size and widely separated. Prothoraz not twice as wide as the median length, angles feebly armed; with irregularly distri- buted punctures, varying from minute (where at first the sur- face appears to be impunctate) to large; an irregular oblique impression towards each side. Hlytra oblong, much wider than prothorax; with rows of punctures, large close to scutellum but smaller elsewhere, and almost disappearing posteriorly, except about suture and sides. Flanks of prosternum with conspicuous striae throughout, but many of the striae oblique even near the apex. Metasternum finely transversely striated ; towards the sides and the episterna with conspicuous punctures. Front femora distinctly dentate ; claws each with a wide basal appendix. Length, 8 mm. Hab.—Northern Territory (J. P. Tepper). Type (unique), I. 3412. An unusually distinct species. The medio-frontal impres- sion of the head is unusually deep, although rather narrow. RHYPARIDA ALCYONE, Nn. sp. Flavo-castaneous, some parts slightly paler than others. Head shagreened ; with moderately dense, small punctures, becoming sparse in front ; with a narrow medio-frontal impres- sion feebly, or not at all, connected with base; clypeus with fairly large and moderately dense punctures, posterior suture not defined, but sometimes with distinct punctures. Hyes fairly large and widely separated. Prothorax at base rather more than twice as wide as the median length, all angles armed; with sparse and very small punctures. SHlytra sub- oblong, not much but distinctly wider than prothorax; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming smaller towards, but still very distinct to apex; interstices with small scattered punctures. Flanks of prosternum with a few oblique basal striae. Femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 54-74 mm. Hab.—-Northern Territory: Darwin (G. F. Hill’s No. 150, and H. H. D. Griffith); Queensland: Cairns (A. M. Lea); North-western Australia: Roebuck Bay (C. French). Type, I. 3078. 149 This and the two following species I cannot structurally distinguish from limbatipennis (of which two more or less constant forms are already known), but the strikingly different plan of colouration warrants them being described as new, even if the names eventually have to be regarded as varietal. The present one is distinguished from piceitarsis (apart from | colour) by its larger size, slightly more convex form, larger eyes, and more shining prothorax. From the description of pallida by its larger size and entirely pale antennae and under- ‘surface. From the pale form of dimzdiata its elytral punctures distinct to apex will readily distinguish it. One specimen from Cairns has the knees, tibiae, and tarsi rather deeply infuscated, and the elytral punctures rather lightly so. Another from Roebuck Bay 5) has the elytra and appendages (knees ex- cepted) conspicuously flavous. RHYPARIDA MEDIORUFA, 0. sp. Pl. vi., fig. 47. Reddish-castaneous ; elytra (a wide sutural space, some- times disappearing posteriorly, and the margins excepted) and most of legs black or blackish; parts of under-surface and of antennae infuscated (sometimes rather feebly so), palpi flavous. Length, 6-74 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3063. The six specimens before me have almost identical mark- ings, except that on some of them the pale sutural portion of the elytra is continued to the apex, whilst on others it terminates before same. ‘ RHYPARIDA ATRA, 0. Sp. Plo wil.~ ae, 96. Black; parts of head, ‘and occasionally other pant, obscurely reddish or testaceous; palpi and a variable portion of antennae flavous. Length, 6-7 mm. Hab.—Queensland (British Museum, from F. P. Dodd), Charters Towers (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns district (E. Allen and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3088. In colour like the black variety of dimidiata, but elytral ‘punctures and striae quite conspicuous to apex. Some speci- mens (except for the labrum, antennae, and palpi) are entirely black, but on the majority of them the clypeus and a space behind same (usually triangularly encroached upon in the middle) and the claw joints are usually paler, occasionally also (55) This and the Cairns specimen are the only ones I have seen from outside of the Northern Territory, where the species appears to be abundant. 150 the elytral epipleurae and parts of the under-surface are very -obscurely diluted with red. RHYPARIDA DECIPIENS, n. sp. Pls vita jheaies. Black ; parts of head, of under-surface, and of appendages more or less obscurely diluted with red, palpi paler. Head with fairly dense but rather small punctures, becoming coarser and more irregular on clypeus; with a short, medio-frontal impression. Eyes large, separation slightly more than the transverse diameter of an eye. Prothorazr | about twice as wide as the median length, angles acutely armed ; with fairly dense but not very large punctures, becoming larger towards sides. Hlytra distinctly wider than prothorax, shoulders prominent; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming slightly smaller posteriorly ; interstices with numer- ous minute punctures, and in places with a few large ones. Flanks of prosternwm with some feeble striae about base and near coxae. Memora edentate; claws almost simple. Length, Hab.—Queensland: Coen River; North-western Austra- lia: Derby (W. D. Dodd), King Sound (Blackburn’s collec- tion) ; Northern Territory: Adelaide River (British Museum). Type, I. 3065. In appearance close to the preceding species, but the eyes considerably larger, punctures distinctly larger, and the claws very different. On the present species each claw-joint is ter- minated by two claws, at first sight appearing simple, but really each with a feeble appendix; on the preceding species each claw-joint is terminated by four distinct claws, of which, however, the median ones are much smaller than the others. The elytral punctures and striae readily distinguish from the black variety of dimidiata. The eyes are almost as large and the prothoracic punctures are almost as coarse as on punctu- lata; but the edentate femora will distinguish from the black variety of that species. On several of the interstices (but on all the specimens before me always on the second, fourth, and sixth) there are some very large punctures, quite as large as in the adjacent rows, and by this character alone the species may be readily distinguished from all the other black Aus- tralian species of the genus. The labrum, basal joints of antennae, and the palpi are not dark on any of the specimens before me, but except for these no parts are conspicuously pale, and at first glance the whole insect appears to be deep black. On two specimens the medio-frontal impression is connected with the base of the head by a feebly elevated line; on two others by an impunctate, but not elevated, line. 151 RHYPARIDA CARTERI, Nn. sp. Of a dingy castaneous-brown, some parts obscurely infus- cated. H1ead rather wide, median line well defined in front, but not traceable to base; behind clypeal suture with minute punctures; clypeus with rather dense and fairly large, deep punctures. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long, sides rather strongly rounded ; with numerous punctures of moderate size, but becoming sparse and small towards all margins. Elytra wide, with unusually wide lateral margins ; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becoming smaller but in well- defined striae posteriorly. Flanks of prosternwm not striated. Femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 74-8 mm. Hab.—Northern Queensland (British Museum and H. J. Carter). Type, I. 3620. A large depressed species, rendered very distinct by the wide elytral margins; each of these from the shoulder almost to the apex is considerably wider than any of the adjacent interstices. In general appearance it is fairly close to some of the more depressed forms of brevilineata, but on that species the elytral margins, even at their widest, are decidedly nar- rower than any of the adjacent interstices. In the table it is associated with alcyone and fuscosuturalis, but it is not at all close to either of those species, and the elytral margins should prevent it from being confused with any other of the genus ; the elytra are widest at about one-third from the apex, but if the margins were excluded they would be widest across the shoulders. Of the three specimens under examination one has yague remnants of prothoracic spots, but on the others even these are not traceable. RHYPARIDA CAERULEIPENNIS, N. sp. Brassy or brassy-blue; head, prothorax, scutellum, and parts of under-surface shagreened ; elytra deep metallic-blue, labrum, palpi (black tips excepted), basal portion of antennae and legs (black tarsi excepted) more or less reddish. Head with feeble and indistinct punctures, becoming larger, but still of small size, on clypeus ; medio-frontal impres- sion short, disconnected, arid usually rather feeble. Eyes of moderate size, prominent and widely separated. Prothoraxr at base not twice the median length, but fully twice across middle, all angles armed; with sparse and minute punctures. Elytra suboblong, considerably wider than prothorax; with rows of large punctures, becoming smaller towards, but distinct to apex, and coarser about basal fourth (except towards suture) than elsewhere ; interstices with sparse and minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum with remnants of striation about base 152 and near coxae. Hemora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 54-64 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Somerset (L. M. d’Albertis), Bowen (Aug. Simson), Charters Towers (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns (E. W. Ferguson, H. Hacker, and A. M. Lea) ; North- western Australia: Roebuck Bay (C. French); Northern Ter- ritory: Port Essington (British Museum). Type, I. 3055. In general appearance strikingly close to wniformis, but prothorax shagreened, head with the median impression very faint, and the clypeus not distinctly separated from the face. These differences are quite conspicuous on many specimens of both species in the Museum; but the colours and variations of same are so similar as to suggest a doubt of their specific distinctness. The head, prothorax, and scutellum are usually brassy-black or brassy-green, but occasionally shade off to deep-blue or even purple; the elytra are usually of a deep blue, but occasionally are almost black or deep purple. Three speci- mens have brassy elytra with a vague greenish gloss, and have the legs (and one even has the antennae) almost entirely dark. One of the British Museum specimens was labelled (without doubt in error) as from South Australia. RHYPARIDA FLAVOLATERA, D. sp. Pl. vi., fig. 48. Black; labrum, sides, and apex of elytra, palpi, base of antennae, and legs (knees and tarsi excepted) flavous. Head shagreened ; with dense and rather small punctures, becoming much larger on clypeus; medio-frontal impression short and deep, connected with the (usually well-defined) clypeal suture. Eyes of moderate size and widely separated. Prothorax about once and one-half as wide as long, all angles distinctly armed ; with small and not very dense punctures on disc, becoming slightly larger towards sides. Hlytra suboblong, considerably wider than prothorax ; with rows of large punc- tures, becoming much smaller posteriorly ; interstices with very sparse and minute punctures. Flanks of prosternwm without distinct striation. Memora edentate; claws bifid, the inner ones acute and much smaller than the others. Length, 51-6 mm. Hah.—North-western Australia (Blackburn’s collection), Roebuck Bay (C. French and H. H. D. Griffith) ; Queensland (British Museum, from Aug. Simson). Type, I. 3066. The twenty-four specimens before me all agree in the pale border to the elytra being continuous throughout, but at the apex it dilates so that the major portion of the apical slope is occupied, and it is sometimes irregularly advanced for a short distance on each side of the suture. The pale borders 153 are suggestive of approximation to fu/volimbata, but the black has nowhere a metallic gloss, the prothoracie punctures ‘although small are quite distinct, and the elytral punctures are considerably smaller than on that species, especially pos- teriorly. There are two specimens in the Macleay Museum, labelled as from New South Wales. | RHYPARIDA TRIANGULIFERA, N. Sp. PL Vi2., fig. Ay: Flavo-castaneous ; palpi flavous, elytra with a large basal blotch and a triangular post-median one, meso- and meta- sternum (wholly or in parts) and legs (femora, except knees, and claw-joints excepted) black. ilead, with rather small and sparse punctures, more sharply defined but not much larger on clypeus; with a short, deep, medio-frontal impression, touching the (rather ill- defined) clypeal suture, and connected with the base by a feebly elevated line. Eyes fairly large, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorar across middle about twice the median length, all angles armed; with minute, scattered punctures. Elytra suboblong, distinctly wider than prothorax; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming much smaller posteriorly ; interstices with sparse and minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum striated about base and near coxae. Memora eden- tate; claws bifid. Length, 53-6 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns district (EK. Allen and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3421. Tt will possibly be eventually found that this form repre- sents but one of a trimorphic (perhaps polymorphic) species. I cannot structurally distinguish it from maculicollis or masiersi, and yet the markings of all three forms are quite sharply defined, and although there are numerous forms of each before me (4) I have seen none with intermediate mark- ings.{5) But in any case it seems desirable (as Blackburn considered with mastersi) that the present form should have a name. The large basal blotch extends on each side to about the sixth or seventh row of punctures, with the hind angles acute; the post-median triangle is of irregular shape and usually has a short sutural extension towards the basal blotch. On two specimens it is obscurely connected with the basal blotch along the suture; one of these specimens has a feeble spot on each side of prothorax, the other has three conspicuous _ ones, of which the median one is much larger than the others; pS ee eee. Tee Oe ee ee, oe ee ee ae ee Re ee a (54) The majority of the specimens were taken by myself in the Cairns district, but as I saw none in cop., no record was made at the time. (55)In limbatipennis and herbacea there are at least two sharply defined forms, and in dimidiata at least three. ss aye tiv ‘ 154 but seven others have the prothorax immaculate. The elytral punctures become very small posteriorly, but on some speci- mens each is surrounded by a watery ring, so that, at a glance, the punctures appear to be large and of almost even size throughout, but when the elytra are examined so that the apical punctures are clearly visible they are seen to be very small. RHYPARIDA MEDIOVITTATA, N. sp. Pl. vii., figs. 50 and 51. Flavous; head and prothorax reddish-flavous, the latter with a conspicuous black spot on each side; each elytron with a black irregular vitta, extending along the middle from near the base to about the apical fourth, the two sometimes con- nected by a narrow fascia across the basal fifth; tarsi and knees usually slightly infuscated. Head shagreened ; with very indistinct punctures, except on clypeus, where they are fairly dense and sharply defined ; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, touching the rather ill-defined clypeal suture. Eyes large, prominent, and rather widely separated. Prothorax across middle almost thrice the median length, all angles armed; with minute and not very dense punctures. Hlytra parallel-sided to beyond the middle, distinctly wider than prothorax; with rows of punctures of moderate size, becoming very small posteriorly ; interstices with very minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum feebly striated about base only. Femora edentate; claws feebly appendiculate. Length, 4-45 mm. /Tab.—North-western Australia: Fortescue River and Derby (W. D. Dodd) ; Northern Territory: Batchelor (G. F. Hill’s Now237).” Ty pe,cd= S002. A small and very conspicuously marked species; each vitta sends out an inner spur at the basal third, and on three of the twelve specimens before me these meet at the suture; on these specimens also the suture is narrowly infuscated. Of the other species with the prothorax conspicuously bimaculate, maculicotlis is much larger, more convex, elytral markings very different, and hind femora minutely dentate. Brevilineata is also much larger, and with very different elytral markings. The claws, except on very close examination, appear to be quite simple. RHYPARIDA INSULICOLA, N. sp. Pihiwvii., fie.52: Flavous ; some small] spots on upper-surface and parts of under-surface black. /1ead with well-defined punctures at sides of base, absent between there and clypeal suture, and dense and well-defined on clypeus; with a narrow and deep medio-frontal impression, 155 _ touching the well-defined clypeal suture. Eyes of moderate: size, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, front angles unarmed; with coarse punctures, not very dense on middle, but crowded on sides. Hlytra parallel-sided to beyond the middle, very little wider than prothorax at its widest; with rows of large punc- tures, rapidly becoming smaller, and almost disappearing before apex. Flanks of prosternum rather strongly striated about base, and moderately about middle, but not elsewhere. Femora minutely dentate ; claws bifid. Length, 3? mm. Hab.—Darnley Island (H. Elgner). Type (unique), I. 3451. The lateral punctures of the prothorax are coarser than on any other species in the Museum. On the type the elytral punctures appear to be very large, even to the apex, but this is due to watery rings; at the base they are really large, but posteriorly (as impressions) they almost disappear. There is a small black spot on each side of prothorax, on each elytron there is a postmedian one on the third interstice, one on each shoulder, and some irregular ones on the sides behind same, on each femur there is a small spot, the sterna (except part of prosternum) and base of abdomen are blackish. RHYPARIDA VARIIPENNIS, n. sp. Metiuwit. hes, 53 and.54. Black and flavous. Hlead more convex than usual; with fairly dense, well- defined punctures, becoming slightly denser and larger on clypeus; medio-frontal impression feeble or absent, clypeal suture feeble. Eyes comparatively small, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax not much wider than long, sides subangulate at basal third, front angles unarmed ; with dense and large punctures, smaller in middle than elsewhere. Llytra briefly suboblong, much wider than prothorax ; with rows of large punctures almost, or quite, disappearing posteriorly. Planks of prosternum with dense and large punctures. Femora minutely dentate; notches of hind tibiae rather feeble; claws each with a large basal appendix. Length, 2-24 mm. Hab.—Melville Island (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3099. The conspicuous punctures on the prosternum, although not unique in the genus, together with the small size, should render the species easy of recognition. There are two speci- mens in the Museum, differing strikingly in the colours of elytra, but quite evidently belonging to but one species. They have the head and prothorax black, with a brassy or brassy- green gloss, under-surface black, antennae flavous at base, but infuscated outwardly, and legs entirely flavous. On one the 156 elytra are entirely black, except for a small, isosceles, flavous triangle on each side of base. On the other the elytra are flavous, except for a vitta on each side (invisible from above), the suture and a curved mark attached to same near base; it appears also to have rows of very large punctures distinct to apex, but posteriorly this is due to waterlogging; from ‘certain directions the punctures, as impressed points, are seen to be almost or quite absent, exactly as on the darker specimen. A specimen from Adelaide River (in the British Museum) has the elytra red, except for a narrow black sutural vitta. RHYPARIDA HALTICOIDES, n. sp. Black, upper-surface with a coppery gloss; appendages, labrum, and sometimes the throat and tip of abdomen, red. Head with rather dense and sharply-impressed punctures of moderate size, becoming larger and more crowded on clypeus ; with a narrow medio-frontal impression, touching the very feeble clypeal suture. Eyes large, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax across middle more than twice the median length, sides strongly rounded, front angles almost unarmed; with dense and not very small, sharply-defined punctures. Hlytra parallel-sided to beyond the middle, dis- tinctly but not much wider than prothorax ; with rows of large punctures, suddenly becoming much smaller, some rows com- pletely absent from apical slope; interstices with sparse and very minute punctures. Flanks of prosternum with dense and rather coarse punctures, in places becoming longitudinally confluent. Iemora isthe dentate; claws each with a stout basal appendix. Length, 34-44 mm. Hab.—New South Wales: ieee Gosford, Kurrajong, Blue Mountains, Mount Irvine (H. J. Carter), Mount Kosciusko (W. E. Raymond), Jenolan (J. C. Wiburd), Armi- dale, Mount Victoria, Sydney, National Park (A. M. Lea), Nowra (Macleay Museum); Victoria: Gisborne (H. H. D. Griffith from G. Lyell), Nelson, Castlemaine, Dividing Range, Victorian Alps (Blackburn’s collection) ; South Australia: (Macleay Museum), Kangaroo Island (J. G. O. Tepper). Type, I. 3399. In general‘appearance, at first glance, strikingly like many species of Arstpoda of the [Halticides. Two specimens from the Blue Mountains (KE. W. Ferguson) possibly belong to this species, but they are rather more convex and have the punctures on the flanks of the prosternum much less numerous (quite absent from some parts), the prothorax with the punctures smaller and with the sides rather angularly dilated in the middle. In the table they would be placed with the dark variety of dimidiata, but they are much smaller than 157 any specimen of that species in the Museum, and the punctures on the pronotum are more distinct; their convexity is about midway between that of halticoides and of dimidiata. RHYPARIDA TROPICA, Nn. sp. Pl. vii., figs. 55-57. Colours and markings variable. Head rather convex; with rather small and not very dense punctures, becoming larger and denser on clypeus; medio-frontal impression narrow and rather feeble, or moder- ately well defined. Eyes fairly large, very prominent, and widely separated. Prothoraxz across middle about twice the median length, front angles unarmed ; with dense and fairly large punctures, smaller on disc than elsewhere. JHlytra short, at base not much wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle ; with rows of fairly large punctures, becom- ing smaller towards but quite distinct to apex ; interstices more convex than usual, the one starting from each shoulder rather acutely elevated for some distance; a vague depression across basal third, but not extending to sides or suture. Flanks of prosternum feebly striated about base. Femora very minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 24-3 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Bundaberg (Blackburn’s collection), Innisfail (C. French), Cairns district (Macleay Museum and A. M. Lea), Torres Straits (H. J. Carter). Type, I. 3098. A small, wide, and extremely variable species, with rather coarse punctures. The elytra appear to have a longitudinal carina starting from each shoulder and continued for a short distance backward, parallel with the margin. The species is so abundant, and there are so many forms of it, that it 1s not desirable to describe more than some of these ; from the first the type has been selected. 1. Head and prothorax reddish, elytra flavous, a large subtriangular infuscate blotch about scutellum, and a large rounded similarly-coloured median one on each elytron, ob- securely connected with the side; under-surface more or less infuscated, appendages flavous. This form graduates by slight steps to Form 2 on the pale side, and to Form 3 on the dark side. 2. Entirely pale-flavous; head, prothorax, scutellum, and a space about same slightly more reddish than other parts. Some specimens have the legs and abdomen almost white. 3. Entirely black, except that the head is sometimes of a dull-red, with a subtriangular infuscate basal blotch, that parts of antennae are obscurely reddish, and that the palpi tarsi, and sometimes parts of the tibiae, are flavous. 158 Form | gradually changes to Form 3 by the basal and median spots of the elytra gradually becoming conjoined and dilating till they approach the sides and suture, these also becoming black. On an occasional specimen the prothorax is dull-red mottled with black; one specimen (except for parts of the appendages) is entirely of a lurid red. RHYPARIDA OVATA, 0. sp. Blackish-brown; head, front margin of prothorax, shoulders and apical fourth of elytra (suture excepted), and appendages castaneous or flavous. Head with rather small and sparse punctures on clypeus, almost or quite absent elsewhere; medio-frontal impression rather feeble and disconnected. Eyes moderately large, pro- minent, and widely separated. Prothoraz more than thrice as wide as long, apical angles unarmed ; with fairly numerous punctures of rather small size, and becoming smaller on disc. Elytra short, not much wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of punctures of moderate size, becoming much smaller posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum feebly striated about base. Femora edentate ; claws bifid. Length, 24 mm. Hab.—Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection). Pype; Pslok: In markings almost identical with some specimens of the preceding species, but with very much smaller punctures, pro- thorax more transverse, elytra without the conspicuously thickened post-humeral interstice, striation of elytra very feeble, even towards the base, and absent posteriorly, although the rows of punctures may be traced almost to the apex. At a glance the outlines appear to be perfectly oval. A specimen in the Macleay Museum (from Cairns) differs in being larger (3 mm.), head and apex of prothorax darker, and the dark elytral markings almost disconnected, so that there appears to be a large scutellar blotch (continued some distance along suture), and a large blotch on each side. RHYPARIDA BASIPENNES, N. Sp. Reddish-castaneous ; elytra (extreme base flavous and apex obscurely diluted with red excepted) and abdomen black; antennae with basal joints pale, the others blackish ; legs more or less flavous, tarsi somewhat darker. /1cad with minute and ill-defined punctures, more sharply defined, but still very small, on clypeus; medio-frontal impres- sion rather feeble, touching the ill-defined clypeal suture, and connected with the base by a very feeble elevation. Eyes com- paratively small, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax 159 shagreened and impunctate, or almost so; base about twice the median length, sides rather strongly rounded and widest near base, front angles acutely armed. JL/ytra slightly wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming much smaller pos- teriorly. Flanks of prosternwm lightly striated, but not to apex. Femora very feebly dentate; claws bifid. Length, 4-4} mm. Hah.—Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection and H. J. Carter), Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3071. The degree of infuscation of the legs is not alike on any two of the five specimens before me: on one the metasternum is somewhat infuscated in the middle; on another parts of the elytral epipleurae and of the abdomen are diluted with red; the scutellum is blackish. On the type, the striation of the prosternum is fairly distinct, although not continuous; but on the others it is so faint (except at base) that it could fairly be regarded as absent. On four of the specimens extremely small femoral teeth are present, but the other anpears to be without such. RHYPARIDA SEMINIGRA, Nn. sp. Reddish-castaneous; elytra, mesosternum, metasternum, and abdomen black, antennae slightly infuscated towards the apex. Head almost impunctate, even on clypeus; with a short medio-frontal impression, touching a_ well-defined clypeal suture, the latter straight in middle, but towards each side obliquely directed to hind margin of eye. Eyes fairly large, very prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax across middle about twice as wide as median length, sides strongly rounded, front angles unarmed; with small and rather dense punctures. Hlytra scarcely wider than middle of prothorax ; with rows of fairly large punctures, rapidly becoming smaller, and (except that a few small, irregularly-placed ones are pre- sent) disappearing from apical slope. Flanks of prosternum non-striated. Femora scarcely visibly dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3-34 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd). Type, I. 3070. A small species, with colours somewhat as in the preceding one, but prothorax considerably larger in proportion, shining, with small and dense but distinct punctures, apical angles unarmed, sides more strongly rounded, scutellum red, elytra entirely dark, and metasternum, as well as the abdomen, black. A second specimen (from Mackay, R. E. Turner) agrees so well with the type in all details of colour and sculpture, except of 160 the head, that I am averse to regarding it as distinct; its head, however, is shagreened, has small but distinct punctures, becoming larger and fairly dense on clypeus, medio-frontal impression feeble and disconnected, and posterior suture of clypeus absent. The type is a male, the Mackay specimen a female, but the differences mentioned are probably not sexual. RHYPARIDA SEMIFLAVA, 0. sp. Flavous ; elytra (extreme base obscurely diluted with red), scutellum, mesosternum, metasternum, and abdomen black; apical half of antennae infuscated. ‘lead with fairly dense and well-defined punctures about: base, becoming sparser towards front, and then somewhat coarser and denser on clypeus; medio- frontal impression rather shallow. Eyes not very large, very prominent, and widely separated. Prothorar about twice as wide as long, front angles lightly armed ; with moderately dense and rather small punctures, becoming slightly denser and larger on sides. Elytra across shoulders somewhat wider than prothorax, sides dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming much smaller towards but traceable to apex. Flanks of prosternum striated only about extreme base. Femora very minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type (unique), I. 3069. A small species, in general appearance close to the two preceding ones, and in shape almost intermediate, but dis- tinguished from both by the much more distinct cephalic punc- tures, and the rows of elytral punctures more distinct to. the apex. From basipennis it is further distinguished by the more shining prothorax, with more rounded sides, and very distinct punctures, and by its black metasternum. From seminigra by the prothorax with more conspicuous punctures, the front angles armed, and by the black scutellum. RHYPARIDA HUMERALIS, Nn. sp. Pl. vii., fig. 58. Piceous-brown, sometimes almost black; head, shoulders, and apical third of elytra (except suture) and appendages of a dingy-flavous or testaceous. Head with scarcely visible punctures, except on clypeus, where they are small but sharply defined ; medio-frontal im- pressions short and disconnected ; clypeal suture distinct at (56) Its elytra, however, are slightly dilated + to beyond the ad and on the type they are parallel-sided; probably a sexual lterence. 161 sides, scarcely (or not at all) traceable across middle. | Eyes large, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax shagreened and feebly, or not at all, punctate; more than twice as wide as long, front angles distinctly armed. JL/ytra moderately long, distinctly wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of fairly large punctures, be- coming much smaller posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum feebly striated on base and sides, but not to apex. Hund femora very minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 23-34 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd), Cairns district (H. Hacker and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3423. In size, colour, and general appearance strikingly like some forms of apicalis, but prothorax shagreened and with searcely traceable punctures, sides of prosternum not longi- tudinally striated, and eyes more prominent and less close together. On some specimens the pale apical portion of elytra is quite sharply defined, occasionally appearing as an oblique spot on each side; on others it is very little darker than the adjacent parts; on the latter specimens the shoulders are also not well-defined, and the legs and antennae are of a rather dingy colour, the antennae are sometimes of uniform colour, but are usually darker towards the apex. Some small specimens are almost entirely of a smoky-brown. One specimen (the only one from the Coen River) is of a lurid reddish-brown, with the scutellum, elytra, and all the appen- dages of a dingy-flavous. On some specimens the prothorax appears to be entirely without punctures, but on others some very small ones are to be seen. RHYPARIDA VAGANS, 0. sp. Flavo-castaneous; labrum, tips of palpi, apical half of antennae, and tarsi darker; elytra flavous. lead wider than usual; with small and fairly distinct punctures at sides of base and on clypeus, sparser or absent elsewhere ; medio-frontal impression short and disconnected, clypeal suture sometimes traceable at sides, but not across middle. Eyes small and widely separated. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long, front angles unarmed; punctures moderately dense and small, becoming denser and larger on sides. Hlytra short, not much wider than prothorax, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle; with rows of unusually small punctures, disappearing (except close to suture and sides) on apical slope. Flanks of prosternum striated about base, but not elsewhere. Femora scarcely visibly, if at all, dentate; claws feebly appendiculate. Length, 3-4 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cunnamulla (H. Hardcastle); New South Wales: Wentworth (Miss Cudmore); Victoria (H. H. G 162 D. Griffith), Sea Lake (J. C. Goudie, Nos. 384 and 610); South Australia (Macleay Museum): Quorn, Port Lincoln (Blackburn’s collection); Western Australia: Geraldton (Blackburn’s collection, from W. Meyrick). Type, I. 3125. The shape of the prothorax and its punctures to a certain extent are somewhat as on commutabilis, but the head (includ- ing the eyes) and the elytra and legs are very different. The apical parts of the antennae vary from but feebly infuscated to deep black, the legs are occasionally almost black, the metasternum and abdomen (or the former only) are sometimes darker than the rest of the under-surface ; one specimen has a very dark (but not black) head. The elytral punctures are unusually small, and with the striae scarcely defined, even at the base. The punctures on the heads of the smaller speci- mens are sometimes rather more defined than on the larger ones, and on a few specimens there are fairly distinct ones between the clypeus and base. RHYPARIDA PALLIDULA, HN. Sp. Flavous ; apical half (or more) of antennae infuscated. Head with fairly dense and distinct punctures, denser and larger on clypeus, and sparser and smaller between eyes than elsewhere; medio-frontal impression rather feeble, and feebly connected with base by a scarcely elevated line. Eyes rather small, very prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, front angles very feebly, or not at all, armed; with rather dense and somewhat small punctures, becoming more crowded and larger on sides. Elytra rather short, not much wider than prothorax; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming much smaller but not disappearing posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum transversely striated about base. Femora very minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea). Type, 1.°3431. In general appearance close to the pallid form of tropica, but longer and less compact, elytra with less conspicuous punc- tures and striae posteriorly, without the conspicuously thick- ened post-humeral interstice, etc. In size and shape it is fairly close to semiflava, but apart from the very different colours the prothorax is slightly different at apex, the elytra are not dilated posteriorly, and the punctures are not quite the same. Of the two specimens in the Museum one has the under-surface of uniform colour, but on the other parts of the metasternum _ and of the abdomen are infuscated. _ 163 RHYPARIDA FUSCOSUTURALIS, n. sp. Flavous; suture and apical two-thirds of antennae infuscated. Head with fairly dense but small punctures about base, becoming scarcely visible between eyes, but moderately large and numerous on clypeus; medio-frontal impression narrow and well-defined. Eyes fairly large, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long, all angles distinctly armed ; punctures rather small but sharply defined. Elytra not much wider than prothorax, sides gently rounded ; with regular rows of fairly large punctures, becoming slightly smaller posteriorly ; interstices gently convex throughout, with minute scattered punctures. Flanks of prosternum vaguely striated about base. /emora very minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 3? mm. Hab.—Queensland: Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea) Type (unique), I. 3114. In some respects close to commutabilis, but slightly more elongate, and prothoracic punctures somewhat larger than on most specimens of that species; but readily distinguished by the elytra; on these the punctures, and striae in which they are placed, are quite strong to the apex, being scarcely less pronounced there than they are at the base. RHYPARIDA BIVITTICOLLIS, Nn. sp. Of a rather dingy-flavous; a rather wide vitta on each side of middle of prothorax, scutellum, a wide sutural vitta becoming narrow posteriorly, most of sterna, sides of abdomen, and apical portion of antennae more or less deeply infuscated. Head rather narrow, median line distinct but short and entirely free ; punctures minute, except on clypeus, where they are distinct and moderately dense. Prothorax not twice as wide as long, sides strongly rounded, all angles armed; with numerous rather small but distinct punctures on disc, becoming much smaller towards sides. Hlytra subovate, apex rather acute: with regular rows of not very large punctures, both punctures and rows becoming feeble posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum very smooth. Femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 3 mm. Hab.—Queensland: Cairns. Type (unique), in Macleay Museum. In the table associated with tenwis, but not very close to that species, from which it differs in having prothorax wider, with conspicuous punctures and black vittae, the elytra wider, with wide sutural vitta and different punctures, etc. Its G2 164 general outlines are something like those of clypeata on a smal] scale. At first glance it appears to belong to bimaculicollis, but the non-striated flanks of prosternum are at once distinc- tive. The dark parts of the prothorax, if a rather narrow pale median line was excluded, would be almost perfectly circular, the dark sutural marking commences suddenly near the base, and disappears at the tip. RHYPARIDA TENUIS, n. sp. Reddish-castaneous; elytra flavous, suture, scutellum, mesosternum, metasternum parts of palpi, most of antennae, knees, and tarsi black or infuscated. Head with scarcely visible punctures except on clypeus, where they are rather large and dense, and posteriorly form an irregularly transverse or bisinuate row; medio-frontal impres- , sion feeble (sometimes absent). Eyes of moderate size, not very prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax not quite twice as wide as long, front angles armed; with sparse and minute punctures. JHlytra elongate, distinctly wider than prothorax ; with rows of fairly large punctures, becoming much smaller posteriorly. Flanks of prosternum vaguely obliquely striated about base. Jegs rather long; femora edentate ; claws bifid. Length, 4-44 mm. Hab.—-Queensland: Normanton (R. Kemp), Mackay (R. E. Turner), Cairns (KE. Allen and A. M. Lea), Rockhampton, Bundaberg (Lea). Type, I. 3102. The colours as described are those of the great bulk of the specimens under examination, but on many the abdomen is black or infuscated ; two specimens, however, have the mesosternum, metasternum, scutellum, and suture not much darker than the adjacent parts. The rows of punctures on the elytra are sometimes traceable to apex, but on many specimens the apical slope is entirely without rows, although even on such specimens a few minute scattered punctures are usually to be seen. The species is attracted in abundance to lights. RHYPARIDA MINUSCULA, N. sp. Pale reddish-castaneous, elytra paler; antennae (except towards base) more or less infuscated. Head with scarcely visible punctures, except on clypeus, where they are fairly numerous and distinct, although small ; medio-frontal impression short, feeble, and disconnected ; clypeal suture distinct only on sides. Eyes of moderate size, prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, front angles rather acutely armed ; with minute and not very dense punctures. F#lytra rather narrow, not i65 much wider than prothorax ; with rows of not very large punc- tures, becoming much smaller posteriorly. Flanks of pro- sternum striated about base only. Hind femora minutely dentate; claws bifid. Length, 34-33 mm. Hab.—-Queensland: Cairns district (E. Allen, H. Hacker, and A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3432. Allied to the preceding species and similarly attracted in abundance to lights, but consistently smaller and paler, pro- thorax somewhat wider, and with distinctly larger (although small) punctures, apical angles distinctly armed, and some- what stouter antennae. On some specimens most of the body and appendages are flavous, some parts paler than others ; on an occasional specimen the abdomen is rather deeply infus- cated. RHYPARIDA COMMUTABILIS, n. sp. Pl. vii., fig. 59. Flavous; apical half (or more) of antennae infuscated. Head with fairly dense and distinct punctures throughout, but becoming larger and denser on clypeus; medio-frontal impression short and deep, feebly (or not at all) connected with base by a scarcely elevated line. Eyes fairly large, very prominent, and widely separated. Prothorax about thrice as wide as long, front angles obtusely armed, usually with a shallow impression on each side; with moderately dense and small punctures, becoming somewhat larger on sides. EHlytra very little wider than prothorax; with rows of punctures of moderate size, becoming smaller towards but quite distinct to apex. Flanks of prosternwm striated only about extreme base. Femora edentate; claws bifid. Length, 34-44 mm. Hab.—North Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns district (E. W. Ferguson, E. Allen, and A. M. Lea), Mungar Junction, Magnetic Island; New South Wales: Tweed and Richmond Rivers, Glen Innes, Wollongong, Gosford, Galston (Lea), Nowra, Kurrajong, Sydney; Victoria (Macleay Museum). Type, I. 3103. The colour except for (sometimes, especially in the smaller Specimens, even including) the antennae, is usually entirely flavous, some parts slightly paler than others; but frequently on the larger specimens the head at base, and the clypeus, are deeply infuscated; such specimens also frequently have a blackish spot on each femur. Occasionally there is a vaguely infuseated spot on each side of the prothorax, and rarely there is one on the suture near the base ; in two specimens, however, there is a fairly large sutural blotch near the base. One speci- men has various parts of both surfaces obscurely infuscated ; and some parts of the lower-surface are occasionally deeply 166 infuscated. One specimen has the prothorax almost of a blood-red, with a large black spot towards each side, each elytron with three obscure spots (one near middle of base and two across middle), and head with a median spot, the sterna are distinctly darker than the abdomen. On the majority of specimens the median impression of the head is decidedly strong, but it varies through moderately defined or rather light to altogether absent. The front tibiae of the male are decidedly more inflated about the apex than is usual in the genus. In Northern Queensland the species appears to attain its maximum size about Cairns, all the specimens south of that locality being on the smaller scale, although some specimens from Galston are slightly larger than the smallest Cairns ones- CLEORINA. On this genus, which is unsatisfactorily close to Rhyparida, the four hind tibiae are lightly notched near apex, and the elytra are about as wide as long, and much wider than the prothorax. CLEORINA PULCHELLA, Lef. A beautiful little insect, common in many of the coastal districts of Northern Queensland. The elytral markings are frequently as on the type, but frequently the second spot, except at the suture and sides, covers almost the entire apical two-thirds ; rarely the elytra are entirely of a coppery-green. There is a minute projection on each side of the prothorax at about the basal third, but it is invisible from most directions. CLEORINA PURPUREA, N. sp. Pl. .vai,{-fig, (638e als viii feels ¢. Purple; antennae black, parts of palpi obscurely reddish. Head with well-defined but not very large and somewhat unevenly distributed punctures; clypeus subquadrate, sides: distinctly carinate. Antennae with second joint stouter and distinctly shorter than third, fifth to eleventh stouter than the third and fourth. Prothorax not twice as wide as the median length, sides rather strongly rounded, but near middle with a small dentiform projection, front angles also armed ; with minute scattered punctures on disc, but becoming larger on sides. Hlytra subquadrate, considerably wider than pro- thorax, with an obtuse swelling between each shoulder and suture, and with rows of punctures. Flanks of prosternum smooth in front, finely wrinkled elsewhere. Abdomen feebly depressed in middle of apex. VFemora stout, hind pair very feebly dentate, the others not at all: middle tibiae rather lightly notched near outer apex, the hind ones still more lightly 167 notched ; basal joint of front tarsi moderately inflated. Length, Q. Differs in being more compact, eyes somewhat smaller, abdomen more convex, all femora edentate, and basal joint of front tarsi distinctly smaller. /Hab.—Queensland: Cairns district (Macleay Museum and A.M. Lea). Type, I. 3433. Readily distinguished from puichella by its larger size, and very different colours and punctures. The head and prothorax sometimes have a vague greenish gloss; the under- surface and legs are sometimes quite distinctly purplish or purplish-green, but sometimes have but little metallic gloss. The elytral punctures are fairly large, and in conspicuous rows on a shallow depression at the basal fourth; posteriorly, although still in rows, they become very minute, on the apical slope they are almost invisible, except for a few in the sub- sutural stria (the only one on the slope). The tooth on the hind femora of the male is very small, but quite distinct from certain directions, but the others are ‘edentate. SCELODONTA. The species 57) of this genus have the middle and hind tibiae notched near apex, but the hind ones much less conspicu- ously so than in Rhyparida; from which genus also it may be distinguished by all the femora being dentate.“8) There is a curious groove behind each eye. SCELODONTA SIMONI, Baly. palmerstoni, Blackb. Pl. viii., fig. 106. There are in the Museum four specimens of this species from the Northern Territory. Two of these bear the late Rev. T. Blackburn’s label, “‘sioni, Baly,’’ and one ‘‘Scelodonta ( ?) simoni Baly, var.(?) palmerstoni, Blackb.”; the latter evi- dently the one he commented 9) upon as having “some rather conspicuous golden spots.’”’ These spots, however, appear to be due to grease, or perhaps abrasion, diminishing the gloss of certain parts. On the fourth specimen (recently received from Mr. G. F. Hill, and taken on Melville Island), evidently in perfect condition, and agr eeing in sculpture and clothing with (57)T am only acquainted ei, ‘Australian ones. (58) Baly described simoni as having the four hind femora armed, but he evidently overlooked the small tooth on each of the front ones. (59) Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1479. 168 the others, the spotting is not traceable. There are also specimens in the Macleay Museum from North-western Australia. SCELODONTA BREVIPILIS, Nn. sp. Pl. viii., fig. 107. 3. Brassy or bronzy; sides of prothorax (the disc glabrous) and the elytra with very short and sparse pubescence, under-surface, legs, and head with somewhat denser and rather longer pubescence, becoming dense and almost of a snowy whiteness on flanks of metasternum; tibial notches rather densely ciliated. Head with dense and rather small punctures; with three conspicuous impressions connected with clypeal suture—a median one vanishing on the forehead and a deep groove curving round each eye. Antennae moderately long, second joint stouter and shorter than third. Prothorax about as long as wide, sides evenly rounded ; with dense punctures, many of which are transversely confluent. Scutellam parallel-sided, apex feebly produced in middle. H#lytra much wider than prothorax, shoulders prominent, sides behind them feebly decreasing in width; with rows of rather large punctures, becoming small posteriorly, the interstices with small punctures and feebly wrinkled. dbdomen with fifth segment shghtly shorter than third and fourth combined. /emora stout, middle pair strongly, hind pair moderately, front pair lightly dentate : = tibiae with several acute ridges, middle pair rather suddenly bent downwards at middle; basal-joint of front tarsi rather strongly inflated. Length, 4-5 mm. Q. Differs in being somewhat stouter, abdomen more convex, with the apical segment somewhat shorter, middle tibiae less curved, and basal joint of front tarsi much smaller. Hab.—Queensland: Cape York (W. D. Dodd), Bunda- berg (Blackburn’s collection), Cooktown (C. French), Kuranda (H. J. Carter from G. E. Bryant), Cairns district (Macleay Museum, E. Allen, . W. Ferguson, and A. M. Lea), Brisbane (H. Hacker), Wide Bay, Endeavour River ; New South Wales: Darling River (Macleay Museum). Type, I. 3283. Structurally very close to s¢moni, but the elytral clothing very much shorter, pronotum glabrous in middle, and middle tibiae very different. Even the antennae are more or less metallic on the basal half; many specimens have two bluish or purplish spots on each elytron, one between the shoulder and suture, the other a short distance behind the first; some specimens are more conspicuously metallic than others, and an occasional specimen is almost of a golden red. The elytra have several shallow depressions in the vicinity of the shoulders,, and the punctures there are larger than elsewhere. 169 ToMYRIS. This genus is a very unsatisfactory one to deal with, despite the great beauty of many of the species. In general ‘appearance many of them are extremely like many of the smaller ones of Hdusa, but from that genus they are readily distinguished by the notched four hind tibiae, although the notches are sometimes very feeble. But with a little experi- ence many of the species may be recognized at a glance to belong to Tomyris, by the clothing and prothoracic punctures. ‘The character of the convexity or concavity of portion of the prosternum by which Chapuis and Lefevre placed the two ‘genera in widely separated groups of the subfamily I believe to be quite unreliable ; and it is certainly very unsatisfactory. There are now before me many hundreds of specimens, including all those described or commented upon by the late ‘Rev. T. Blackburn, except some types (©) ; and also including many taken in cop. by myself and so marked. Of these latter some species have both sexes green, some have both brassy, and some have the male green and the female brassy. The ‘antennae also may or may not vary in colour sexually. Struc- turally and in clothing some of these are so much alike that it is often difficult (I believe in many cases it is for all prac- ticable purposes impossible) to decide as to whether a particular specimen belongs to one with the sexes similar or different in colours. That the sexes of several species have been described as distinct is almost certain; I have, for instance, repeatedly seen specimens of viridula (male) in cop. with proxima (female). There are in the Museum (and I have seen more in other collections) many unmated specimens belonging to species that are close to but distinct from viridula, that I have passed over without describing as, except where they possess very distinctive features, it is undesirable to describe species allied to it, without having positive information as to the correct mating of the sexes. All the species of the genus have the four hind tibiae notched near the outer apex, and all have the upper-surface more or less densely clothed ; the clothing is frequently dense and short, often as in rasa, of which Blackburn remarked: “The shortness and comparative coarseness of the pubescence in this species suggests the idea of a hairy surface that has been closely shaved.’’ Two species, however, have been referred to the genus whose upper-surface is glabrous and tibiae not notched ; but these (paradoxa and minor) I believe to belong to Cleptor, and have commented upon them under that genus. On the head there is a small shining space close to each (60) All the species are represented. 170 antenna, and there is generally another on the forehead; or the latter may be lengthened into a short carina; occasionally it is completely absent, but its absence appears to be individual rather than specific. Under the genus Chapuis described the femora as being slightly swollen, but in an enlarged figure “) of the hind leg of pulchella (the typical species of the genus) the femur is shown as having a fairly large subapical tooth. Lefevre also described the femora as moderately incrassated, and made no mention of a tooth. I have seen no species with dentate femora, but must presume (on account of the figure) that pulchella has such, and consequently that it is unrepresented in the Museum, but all the other known species are there represented. The antennae are usually long and thin, but on the females are usually much (or, at any rate, distinctly) shorter than on the male, and on some species they differ sexually in width ; but the relative lengths of the joints are seldom of use in distinguishing allied species. The sides of the prothorax and its proportions in comparison with the elytra are also of but little use. The sexual differences are frequently very pronounced in colour, and the male has usually distinctive characters on the abdomen ; on the male the basal joint of the two or four front tarsi is often slightly larger than on the female, but it is seldom conspicuously much larger, as in so many other genera of the subfamily. The following table is of the new species only : — se Rete ts not impressed across middle. . Prothoracic pubescence paren uonaly par sie In Middle: spo. kes. mediana aa. Prothoracic pubescence ‘not so parted. b. Elytral pubescence entirely very short and more or less depressed. c. Elytra much more conspicuously nar- rowed posteriorly than usual in genus... wiburdi cc. Elytra normally. narrowed ‘posteriorly. d. Size large... Bevo heb tae Ms enone dd. Size very small ... ... queenslandice bb. Elytral pubescence not entirely “short and depressed. e. Prothoracic punctures large and sharply defined in front... apicicollis ee. Prothoracic punctures smaller and crowded throughout. f. Size Very SiMe, voc” at. joe), apm Erte ff. Size considerably larger. (61) Pl. cxix., fig. 2a. 171 . Antennae with four or five apical joints conspicuously tipped with black ; Antennae with élev enth joint only so tipped AA. Prothorax transversely middle. B. Elytral pubescence not entirely short and depressed. h. Depressed pubescence dense. Size very small . 4 Size considerably lar: ger. }. Longer hairs inconspicuous. * Male br ight metallic-green ** Male not green . : 7). Longer hairs. in conspicuous. Tows. * Prothoracic punctures not indi- vidually distinct ** Prothoracic puaetur es individually distinct Ah. eerste’ pubescence sparse, and long hairs more or less conspicuous. k. Conspicuously narrower than usual in genus... bas kk. Of normal width. 1. Prothoracic punctures crowded and not individually sharply defined .... ll. Prothoracic punctures, at any rate in front, sharply defined. gg. impressed across m. Prothoracic impression nowhere well defined efel nh eb thd ks mm. Prothoracic impression con- spicuous on each side of middle. n. Prothorax almost as long as wide nn. Prothorax decidedly transverse BB. Elytral pubescence entirely short and usually depressed. C. A conspicuous shining niger in front of impression A afte CC. Without such a ridge. D. Punctures on prothorax mostly sharply defined and individually distinct. o. Hind tibiae unusually wide, with the notch unusually deep oo. Hind tibiae of normal width and with the notch much smaller. p. Of large size. — * Elytra not shagreened ** Elytra shagreened pp. Of small size. q. Punectures in prothoracic de- pression less sharply defined than elsewhere ; qq. Punctures there quite as dis- tinct as elsewhere. r. Elytral pubescence suberect ... rr. Elytral pubescence depressed picticornis aureoviridis tantilla soror ilaetabilis tepperr sublaeta -exilis femoralis inconspicua compacta villosa sculpticollis incisa insignis fugitiva aerata irrasa foveientris 172 DD. Punctures in nrothorax too crowded to be individually distinct, except occasionally about apex. EK. With a costiform elevation behind each shoulder _... =» ase opulcherromer EE. Without such. F. Transverse impression of pro- thorax feeble. s. Median line of prothorax distinct when viewed obliquely ... ... curnowi . Median line not traceable ... similis FF. Transverse impression distinct G. Size above average sven a) ote / etree GG. Size decidedly small. H. Unusually narrow, with longer antennae and legs than usual sus |, idee weedy, . one, GTa@euscornis HH. Not eaves ae oes. | f icodt Nae Notes on TABLE. A. On aprercollis the prothorax is not transversely impressed, but towards the base the punctures are more crowded than elsewhere, and it <